To Remove or Not to Remove? The Challenge of Extracting the Template to Make the Cavities Available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extraction with Common Solvents
2.1. Conventional Soxhlet Extraction
2.2. Incubation with Solvents
3. Physically-Assisted Extraction
3.1. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
- Pressurized MAE (PMAE), which uses closed MW-transparent vessels, filled with high tanδ solvents. The solvent absorbs the energy and the temperature raises, but boiling is prevented by the pressure inside the chamber.
- Atmospheric MAE system, in open MW-transparent vessels, which is also named Focused Microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction (FMASE) [51]. This technique employs low tanδ solvent and, thus, only the specimen to be extracted increases its temperature. Since the extraction is carried out under mild conditions, this modality is preferred for thermolabile substances.
3.2. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.3. Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
4. Extraction with Supercritical or Subcritical Fluids
4.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SPE)
4.2. Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)
5. Conclusions and Future Trends
Acknowledgements
References
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Elution methods | Elution liquid-solid ratio (mL/g) | Elution time (h) | Elution capacity (Q, mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Soxhlet extraction | 100 | 24 | 547 |
Ultrasonic extraction | 40 | 1 | 815 |
Microwave-assisted extraction | 40 | 5 | 326 |
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Lorenzo, R.A.; Carro, A.M.; Alvarez-Lorenzo, C.; Concheiro, A. To Remove or Not to Remove? The Challenge of Extracting the Template to Make the Cavities Available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 4327-4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074327
Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A. To Remove or Not to Remove? The Challenge of Extracting the Template to Make the Cavities Available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(7):4327-4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074327
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo, Rosa A., Antonia M. Carro, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, and Angel Concheiro. 2011. "To Remove or Not to Remove? The Challenge of Extracting the Template to Make the Cavities Available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 7: 4327-4347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074327