Halogeno Aldol Reaction of Ethyl Vinyl Ketone and Aldehydes Mediated by Titanium Tetrachloride

Abstract

A three-component halogeno aldol reaction has been developed by using titanium tetrachloride as the halogen source as well as the Lewis acid mediator. The dehydration and elimination of hydrogen chloride were inhibited by conducting the reaction at 0 °C in dichloromethane or at room temperature with a shortened reaction time. Seven examples were examined, giving good to high yields (61 - 92%) and modest stereoselectivity (syn/anti: 2.2/1.0 - 8.4/1.0).

Introduction

The formation of C(sp³)-C(sp³) bond via aldol reaction represents an important topic in organic chemistry [2,3,4]. It also acts as the key step of the Baylis-Hillman reaction [5,6]. Recently, we developed the TiCl₄-mediated Baylis-Hillman-type reaction without the direct use of a Lewis base [7a], which was confirmed to proceed through a halogeno aldol reaction by using α,β-unsaturated N-acyl benzoxalinone as the Michael acceptor (Scheme 1a). When we attempted to extend the reaction scope to the use of α,β-unsaturated ketones, we failed to obtain the anticipated Baylis-Hillman adducts or halogeno aldol products under the established conditions [7b]. The dehydration products of C=C bond formation were produced dominantly. Only 0.5 equivalent of titanium (IV) halides or 0.25 equivalent of TiX₄/(n-Bu)₄NI [8] were needed to furnish the reaction with high stereoselectivity and yield (Scheme 1b). While the further study of the new C=C bond formation is ongoing in our laboratories, we concurrently made efforts to control the ketone-based system to produce halogeno aldol adducts prior to dehydration. In this report, we describe the preliminary results of this method which is represented in Scheme 1c.

Results and Discussion

This halogeno aldol reaction was achieved by using an excess amount of α,β-unsaturated ketone (2.0 eq) and TiCl₄ (1.2 eq) and performed at 0 °C in dichloromethane. The three-component starting materials, ethyl vinyl ketone, aldehyde and TiCl₄, were simply mixed together in a convenient vial without the protection of inert gases. The reaction was completed within a shortened period (2 h) as revealed by gas chromatography monitoring. Unlike the C=C formation system, the combination of TiCl₄/(n-Bu)₄NI was proven to be inefficient for the present ketone-based halogeno aldol reaction. Indeed, only a trace amount of desired halogeno aldol adducts were observed in more than 2 hours. The data in

Table 1. Results of TiCl₄-ediated Halogeno Aldol Reaction

Entry	R	yield a	syn/antib
1		80	2.9/1.0
2		67	5.4: 1.0
3		68	8.4: 1.0
4		81	5.1: 1.0
5		61	7.2: 1.0
6		87	1.0: 1.0
7		79	4.0: 1.0
8		92	2.2: 1.0

^a Yield of syn/anti mixture. ^b Determined by ¹H NMR analysis

shows that good to excellent yields have been obtained for both aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde substrates. The stereoselectivity for aromatic cases were well controlled. However, the individual syn/anti stereoisomers of all seven cases failed to be separated via flash column chromatography.

The anti/syn stereoselectivity was determined by ¹H-NMR analysis where the chemical shift of β proton (CHOH) of the anti isomer is farther downfield as compared with that of the corresponding syn isomer for most cases. The syn and anti isomers can be distinguished by the coupling constants between and protons of aldol adducts [9]. For entry 1 of Table 1, the proton (CHOH) triplet of the anti isomer (d 5.11, J = 6.35 Hz) and the doublet-doublet of the anti isomer (d 5.05, J = 2.75, 6.08 Hz) were observed. The stability of these ethyl vinyl ketone-derived products and the resolution of their ¹H-NMR spectra made this determination possible. In contrast, the methyl vinyl ketone-derived products can be very easily dehydrated under the current conditions. The syn selectivity suggests that this aldol reaction is dynamically controlled. This is similar to , -unsaturated aldehyde-based system where the dynamically controlled syn stereoselection was proven to be dominant at -78 °C in the same solvent in which TiCl₄/(n-Bu)₄NI combination was employed as the halogen source (I-) [8c].

The working hypothesis of this reaction is proposed as shown in Scheme 4 [7,10]. The initial step involves the addition of TiCl₄ to the ethyl vinyl ketone to generate the titanium enolate. The formation of this enolate intermediate could be accelerated by the coordination of carbonyl oxygen to the titanium center (C=O--Ti interaction) [11], to further polarize the , -conjugate double bond and to free the chlorine anion from TiCl₄ prior to the , -conjugate addition. The resulting Lewis acid species can also activate aldehyde for the subsequent aldol reaction by coordinating with aldehyde oxygen.

The resulting halo aldol adducts can be transformed into Baylis-Hillman adducts by treating with DBU at room temperature. These products can also be converted to dehydration products in prolonged reaction period. Interestingly, the dehydration products are much easier to form even at 0 °C when ethyl vinyl ketone was employed as the Michael acceptor. Acrylonitrile can also be used as the starting material by reacting at room temperature to give around 70% yield (Scheme 3).

Conclusions

The vinyl ketone-based halogeno aldol reaction has been achieved by using an excess amount of ketone and titanium tetrachloride. The reaction can occur to completion at 0 °C in dichloromethane within two hours or at room temperature for 1 hour. The scope of this reaction will be extended to the use of other substrates. Titanium tetrabromide and related chiral metal halides will also be employed as the halogen sources and Lewis acids in the future.

Experimental

General

Dichloromethane and propionitrile was dried and freshly distilled from calcium hydride under the nitrogen atmosphere. Other commercial chemicals were used without further purification and their stoichiometries were calculated based on the reported purities from the manufacturers. Flash chromatography was performed on E. Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh). Thin layer chromatography was performed on Merck Kieselgel 60 GF₂₅₄ plates (0.2 mm thickness). ¹H-NMR spectra (CDCL₃ solutions) were recorded on a Varian 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. The spectral data are reported in the following format: chemical shift (all relative to Me₄Si as an internal reference standard unless otherwise indicated), multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, dd = doublet of doublets, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, b = broad).

Synthetic Method

The typical procedure is represented by the reaction of entry 1 in Table 1. Into a dry vial was added freshly distilled dichloromethane (1.0 mL), 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.151 g, 1.0 mmol) and ethyl vinyl ketone (0.17 mL, 2.0 mmol). The vial with the stirring reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and then added titanium tetrachloride (1.2 mL, 1.0M solution in dichloromethane, 1.2 mmol). The resulting solution in the capped vial was stirred at the same temperature for 2 h without argon protection. The reaction was finally quenched by dropwise addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (2.0 mL). The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to dryness. Purification by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexane, 1/5, v/v) provided 1 (216 mg, 80 %) as colorless oil.

1a (syn):¹H-NMR: d 0.95 (t, J=5.2Hz, 3H), 2.28 (q, J=5.2Hz, 1H), 2.51 (q, J=5.2Hz, 1H), 3.12 (d, J=3.0Hz, 1H, OH), 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=4.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.89 (dd, J=9.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 5.04 (dd, J=3.0, 5.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9Hz, 2H), 8.20 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9Hz, 2H).

1b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 1.01 (t, J=6.8Hz, 3H), 2.26 (q, J=6.8Hz, 1H), 2.62 (q, J=6.8Hz, 1H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=7.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.93 (dd, J=5.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 5.10 (t, J=6.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9Hz, 2H), 8.22 (dd, J=2.9, 8.9Hz, 2H).

2a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.86 (t, J=4.6Hz, 3H), 2.09 (q, J=4.6Hz, 1H), 2.35 (q, J=4.6Hz, 1H), 2.75 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, OH), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.74 (dd, J=3.8, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.87 (dd, J=8.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.79 (dd, J=2.6, 5.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=2.7, 9.0Hz, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J=2.7, 9.0Hz, 2H).

2b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 1.00 (t, J=7.1Hz, 3H), 2.03 (q, J=7.1Hz, 1H), 2.45 (q, J=7.1Hz, 1H), 3.10 (d, J=5.4Hz, 1H, OH), 3.24 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=6.5, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.53 (dd, J=6.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.86 (t, J=5.9Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=2.7, 9.0Hz, 2H), 7.27 (dd, J=2.7, 9.0Hz, 2H).

3a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.89 (t, J=7.1Hz, 3H), 2.14 (q, J=7.1Hz, 1H), 2.38 (q, J=7.1Hz, 1H), 2.83 (d, J=2.7Hz, 1H, OH), 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.76 (dd, J=4.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.81 (dd, J=9.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.79 (dd, J=2.7, 5.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=2.8, 9.0Hz, 2H), 7.35 (dd, J=2.8, 9.0Hz, 2H).

3b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d1.00 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.04 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.48 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 3.16 (d, J=5.5Hz, 1H, OH), 3.24 (m, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=7.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.58 (dd, J=5.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.88 (t, J=7.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=2.8, 7.0Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=2.8, 7.0Hz, 2H).

4a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.90 (t, J=7.0Hz, 3H), 2.15 (q, J=7.0Hz, 1H), 2.39 (q, J=7.0Hz, 1H), 2.83 (d, J=2.7Hz, 1H, OH), 3.20 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J=4.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.81 (dd, J=8.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.78 (dd, J=3.0, 9.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=2.6, 9.0Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=2.6, 9.0Hz, 2H).

4b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 0.99 (t, J=7.4Hz, 3H), 2.06 (q, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 2.52 (q, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=7.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.57 (dd, J=5.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.84 (t, J=7.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=2.8, 7.5Hz, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=2.8, 7.5Hz, 2H).

5a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.84 (t, J=4.6Hz, 3H), 2.07 (q, J=4.6Hz, 1H), 2.35 (q, J=4.6Hz, 1H), 2.61 (d, J=1.1Hz, 1H, OH), 3.27 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=5.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.90 (dd, J=8.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.80 (dd, J=3.0, 9.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.31 (m, 5H).

5b (anti): ¹H NMR: d 0.99 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.01 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.45 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.95 (d, J=5.0Hz, 1H, OH), 3.29 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=6.5, 10.5Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.62 (dd, J=5.0, 10.5Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.89 (t, J=7.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.29 (m, 5H).

6a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.86 (t, J=7.0Hz, 3H), 2.21 (q, J=7.0Hz, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.35 (q, J=7.0Hz, 1H), 2.64 (d, J=2.7Hz, 1H, OH), 3.28 (m, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=5.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.92 (dd, J=7.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.98 (dd, J=2.7, 10.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.09-7.40 (m, 4H).

6b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 0.96 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.08 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.44 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 3.00 (d, J=5.8Hz, 1H, OH), 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J=6.5, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.67 (dd, J=5.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 5.11 (t, J=7.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.10-7.49 (m, 4H).

7a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 0.83 (t, J=7.3Hz, 3H), 2.05 (q, J=7.3Hz, 1H), 2.37 (q, J=7.3Hz, 1H), 2.79 (d, J=2.6Hz, 1H, OH), 3.42 (m, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=5.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.94 (dd, J=8.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.96 (dd, J=2.6, 9.0Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.48 (m, 3H), 7.81 (m, 4H).

7b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 0.98 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.02 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.52 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 3.07 (d, J=5.4Hz, 1H, OH), 3.38 (m, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=7.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.68 (dd, J=5.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 5.03 (t, J=6.8Hz, benzylic 1H), 7.42 (m, 3H), 7.76 (m, 4H).

8a (syn): ¹H-NMR: d 1.07 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H), 2.23 (d, J=3.1Hz, 1H, OH), 2.60 (dd, J=7.1, 10.0Hz, 2H), 2.71 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 2.77 (q, J=7.2Hz, 1H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=4.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.88 (dd, J=7.0, 10.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.03 (m, benzylic 1H), 7.15-7.35 (m, 5H).

8b (anti): ¹H-NMR: d 1.09 (t, J=7.0Hz, 3H), 2.64 (dd, J=6.0, 11.0Hz, 2H), 2.74 (m, 2H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J=6.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 3.77 (dd, J=5.0, 11.0Hz, 1H, CH₂Cl), 4.05 (m, benzylic 1H), 7.15-7.41 (m, 5H).