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Article

CuO@Pyridine Composite for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green and Cd(II) from Water: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Insights

by
Marwa M. Abdeen
1,
Mohamed G. Abouelenein
2,
Marwa Abd Elfattah
3,
Safinaz H. El-Demerdash
2,
Marwa A. Abdelhameed
2,
Sara M. Elnagar
2,
Mariam T. Yasin
2,
Donia F. Elhadad
2 and
Mohamed Mostafa A. Mohamed
4,*
1
Basic Science Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Bagour, Menoufia, Egypt
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koam P.O. Box 32511, Menoufia, Egypt
3
Chemical Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Bagour, Menoufia, Egypt
4
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(9), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091501
Submission received: 25 March 2026 / Revised: 20 April 2026 / Accepted: 25 April 2026 / Published: 30 April 2026
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Abstract

A heteroatom-rich pyridine-based adsorbent (Pyridine PC) was synthesized through a multicomponent strategy and structurally confirmed by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. To further enhance adsorption activity and surface reactivity, waste-derived CuO nanoparticles were immobilized onto the porous heterocyclic framework, generating a sustainable CuO@Pyridine PC hybrid nanocomposite. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrate highly efficient removal of malachite green (MG) dye and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Kinetic analysis reveals that adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data are best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic parameters confirm that the adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic. Surface and structural characterization using SEM/EDX, elemental mapping analysis and FT-IR before and after adsorption verifies strong pollutant binding and highlights the role of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups as dominant interaction sites. BET measurements show that CuO incorporation increases surface area and pore volume, while zeta potential analysis indicates excellent colloidal stability of the composite in aqueous media. Consequently, the CuO-modified sorbent exhibits enhanced adsorption capacities, increasing from 169.8 to 176.13 mg g−1 for MG and from 276.5 to 368 mg g−1 for Cd(II). The adsorbent demonstrated effective pollutant removal from real wastewater. The adsorption mechanism involves synergistic interactions between functional groups in the Pyridine PC matrix and CuO nanoparticles, providing enhanced active binding sites.
Keywords: adsorption; pyridine; nano-CuO; malachite green; Cd(II); wastewater treatment adsorption; pyridine; nano-CuO; malachite green; Cd(II); wastewater treatment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Abdeen, M.M.; Abouelenein, M.G.; Elfattah, M.A.; El-Demerdash, S.H.; Abdelhameed, M.A.; Elnagar, S.M.; Yasin, M.T.; Elhadad, D.F.; Mohamed, M.M.A. CuO@Pyridine Composite for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green and Cd(II) from Water: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Insights. Molecules 2026, 31, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091501

AMA Style

Abdeen MM, Abouelenein MG, Elfattah MA, El-Demerdash SH, Abdelhameed MA, Elnagar SM, Yasin MT, Elhadad DF, Mohamed MMA. CuO@Pyridine Composite for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green and Cd(II) from Water: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Insights. Molecules. 2026; 31(9):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091501

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdeen, Marwa M., Mohamed G. Abouelenein, Marwa Abd Elfattah, Safinaz H. El-Demerdash, Marwa A. Abdelhameed, Sara M. Elnagar, Mariam T. Yasin, Donia F. Elhadad, and Mohamed Mostafa A. Mohamed. 2026. "CuO@Pyridine Composite for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green and Cd(II) from Water: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Insights" Molecules 31, no. 9: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091501

APA Style

Abdeen, M. M., Abouelenein, M. G., Elfattah, M. A., El-Demerdash, S. H., Abdelhameed, M. A., Elnagar, S. M., Yasin, M. T., Elhadad, D. F., & Mohamed, M. M. A. (2026). CuO@Pyridine Composite for Efficient Removal of Malachite Green and Cd(II) from Water: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Insights. Molecules, 31(9), 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091501

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