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Article

Seasonal Variation of a New Brazilian Greenish-Brown Propolis Type: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antileishmanial Activities

by
Emanoel Guilhermino da Silva, Jr.
1,
Arthur Luy T. Ferreira Borges
1,2,
João Victor L. de Oliveria
1,3,
Rodrigo J. Nunes Calumby
1,
Salvana P. Manso Costa
1,
Pierre Barnabé Escodro
4,
Isabel Cristina Celerino de Moraes Porto
1,5,
Ana Paula do Nascimento Prata Lins
6,
Maria Aline B. Fidelis de Moura
1,
Camila B. Dornelas
1,2,3,
Johnnatan Duarte de Freitas
2,7,
Regianne U. Kamiya
1,3,
Lara Mendes Almeida
1,
Louisianny Guerra da Rocha
8,
Edmilson Rodrigues da Rocha Junior
9,
Marília O. F. Goulart
9 and
Ticiano Gomes do Nascimento
1,2,*
1
Postgraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
2
Postgraduate Program of Material Science, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
3
Postgraduate Program of Biological and Health Sciences, ICBS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
4
Postgraduate Program of Veterinary Science, CECA, Federal University of Alagoas, Viçosa 57700-000, Alagoas, Brazil
5
Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, FOUFAL, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil
6
Postgraduate Program of Plants Protection, CECA, Federal University of Alagoas, Rio Largo 57100-000, Alagoas, Brazil
7
Laboratory of Instrumental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Alagoas, Maceio 57065-660, Alagoas, Brazil
8
Laboratory of Parasitology, Centre of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
9
Postgraduate Program of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(9), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091447
Submission received: 14 February 2026 / Revised: 20 April 2026 / Accepted: 21 April 2026 / Published: 27 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Honeybee Products)
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Abstract

Propolis is a natural product of honey bees whose chemical composition is influenced by different plant species and environmental factors, resulting in diverse biological activities. A new propolis type, the greenish-brown propolis (GBPUP), was identified in the northeast of Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of seasonal variation in the chemical composition of GBPUP extracts over a 12-month period. LC–ESI–Orbitrap–FTMS and UFLC–DAD–UV–Vis revealed a chemical composition with some differences to that of Brazilian green propolis, with pinocembrin as the major compound, followed by galangin, pinostrobin, chrysin, artepillin C, and pinobanksin. The extracts exhibited high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavanone contents and moderate to high antioxidant activity. Circos plot analysis showed that specific metabolites were responsible for the high activity against S. aureus (artepillin C, kaempferol, and ferulic acid) and C. albicans (galangin, pinobanksin, chrysin, and pinocembrin) and for moderate antibacterial activity against E. faecalis (rutin) and E. coli (luteolin, rutin, quercetin, and caffeic acid). ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) showed a strong correlation between the metabolites (p-coumaric acid, artepillin C, luteolin) and leishmanicidal activity. Thus, seasonal evaluation allowed the identification of bioactive molecules, the months with greater bioactivity of the GBPUP extracts representing the first comprehensive study of the seasonality of this new and promising propolis variety.
Keywords: propolis raw material; flavanones; hydroxycinnamic acids; chromatographic profile; antioxidant activity; antibacterial and antileishmanial activities; multivariate analysis propolis raw material; flavanones; hydroxycinnamic acids; chromatographic profile; antioxidant activity; antibacterial and antileishmanial activities; multivariate analysis
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MDPI and ACS Style

da Silva, E.G., Jr.; Borges, A.L.T.F.; Oliveria, J.V.L.d.; Calumby, R.J.N.; Costa, S.P.M.; Escodro, P.B.; Porto, I.C.C.d.M.; Lins, A.P.d.N.P.; Moura, M.A.B.F.d.; Dornelas, C.B.; et al. Seasonal Variation of a New Brazilian Greenish-Brown Propolis Type: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antileishmanial Activities. Molecules 2026, 31, 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091447

AMA Style

da Silva EG Jr., Borges ALTF, Oliveria JVLd, Calumby RJN, Costa SPM, Escodro PB, Porto ICCdM, Lins APdNP, Moura MABFd, Dornelas CB, et al. Seasonal Variation of a New Brazilian Greenish-Brown Propolis Type: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antileishmanial Activities. Molecules. 2026; 31(9):1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091447

Chicago/Turabian Style

da Silva, Emanoel Guilhermino, Jr., Arthur Luy T. Ferreira Borges, João Victor L. de Oliveria, Rodrigo J. Nunes Calumby, Salvana P. Manso Costa, Pierre Barnabé Escodro, Isabel Cristina Celerino de Moraes Porto, Ana Paula do Nascimento Prata Lins, Maria Aline B. Fidelis de Moura, Camila B. Dornelas, and et al. 2026. "Seasonal Variation of a New Brazilian Greenish-Brown Propolis Type: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antileishmanial Activities" Molecules 31, no. 9: 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091447

APA Style

da Silva, E. G., Jr., Borges, A. L. T. F., Oliveria, J. V. L. d., Calumby, R. J. N., Costa, S. P. M., Escodro, P. B., Porto, I. C. C. d. M., Lins, A. P. d. N. P., Moura, M. A. B. F. d., Dornelas, C. B., Freitas, J. D. d., Kamiya, R. U., Almeida, L. M., Rocha, L. G. d., Rocha Junior, E. R. d., Goulart, M. O. F., & Nascimento, T. G. d. (2026). Seasonal Variation of a New Brazilian Greenish-Brown Propolis Type: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antileishmanial Activities. Molecules, 31(9), 1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31091447

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