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Article

A Golden-Ratio Ladder and a Delocalisation-Saturated Participation Bridge for the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Liquid Water

by
Jonathan Washburn
1 and
Elshad Allahyarov
1,2,3,4,*
1
Recognition Science Research Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
2
Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
3
Theoretical Department, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences (IVTAN), 13/19 Izhorskaya Street, Moscow 125412, Russia
4
Physics Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2026, 31(15), 2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152701
Submission received: 4 June 2026 / Revised: 13 July 2026 / Accepted: 29 July 2026 / Published: 3 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 30th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Physical Chemistry)

Abstract

We organize the ultrafast hydrogen-bond timescales and far-infrared/terahertz band centres of liquid water on a single golden-ratio ladder, anchored to the 80 fs H-bond contraction time and indexed by a loop-free tetrahedral Bethe sequence. Both data sets fall inside the rung windows set by their shell index, placing them on one spacing from a single time anchor. A separate empirical energy anchor gives a calibrated map of the freezing and density maximum. A TIP4P/Ew analysis shows that participation is delocalisation-saturated rather than linear in shell size, and we fit a corresponding saturating law. The low-frequency intermolecular modes are delocalised over the network, with coherent shell-breathing extending over about one coordination shell, a result stable with temperature. The ladder placements are therefore an organizing construction with explicit calibrations. A statistical assessment (a scan over alternative logarithmic bases and a null-model randomisation) confirms that the bracketing does not statistically single out the golden ratio, so the physical conclusions rest on the measured participation law, not the ladder. Together these establish a calibrated bridge between hydrogen-bond-network topology and vibrational participation, with the ladder supplying the rung spacing and the molecular dynamics the participation law that populates it.
Keywords: liquid water; hydrogen bonding; H-bond network topology; Bethe lattice; golden-ratio ladder; molecular dynamics; TIP4P/Ew; instantaneous normal modes; far-infrared/THz spectroscopy liquid water; hydrogen bonding; H-bond network topology; Bethe lattice; golden-ratio ladder; molecular dynamics; TIP4P/Ew; instantaneous normal modes; far-infrared/THz spectroscopy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Washburn, J.; Allahyarov, E. A Golden-Ratio Ladder and a Delocalisation-Saturated Participation Bridge for the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Liquid Water. Molecules 2026, 31, 2701. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152701

AMA Style

Washburn J, Allahyarov E. A Golden-Ratio Ladder and a Delocalisation-Saturated Participation Bridge for the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Liquid Water. Molecules. 2026; 31(15):2701. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152701

Chicago/Turabian Style

Washburn, Jonathan, and Elshad Allahyarov. 2026. "A Golden-Ratio Ladder and a Delocalisation-Saturated Participation Bridge for the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Liquid Water" Molecules 31, no. 15: 2701. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152701

APA Style

Washburn, J., & Allahyarov, E. (2026). A Golden-Ratio Ladder and a Delocalisation-Saturated Participation Bridge for the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Liquid Water. Molecules, 31(15), 2701. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152701

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