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Volume 30
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Targeted Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Stems: A Sequential Approach

by
Violeta Jevtovic
1,
Khulood Fahad Saud Alabbosh
2,
Zoran Pržić
3,
Jelena Nikolić
4,
Reem Ali Alyami
1,
Maha Raghyan Alshammari
1,
Badriah Alshammari
1,
Violeta Rakic
5,
Odeh A. O. Alshammari
1 and
Milan Mitić
4,*
1
Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
2
Biology Department, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
3
Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
5
Department of Agriculture and Food Technology Studies Prokuplje, Toplica Academy of Applied Studies, 18400 Prokuplje, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(17), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173546
Submission received: 4 August 2025 / Revised: 21 August 2025 / Accepted: 28 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Plant Phenolics, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Grape stems are an abundant by-product of winemaking and a promising source of phenolic antioxidants representing an underutilized biomass within the circular economy. Seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars were analysed by HPLC DAD, with Merlot (Me), Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Italian Riesling (IR) identified as the richest sources. This comparative screening provided the basis for a multi-index optimization of extraction. A 23 full factorial design (ethanol 30–60% v/v; 30–80 min; 25–65 °C) was used for optimization. The optimal green conditions—60% ethanol, 80 min, 65 °C—yielded 1.860 mg/g CA, 1.098 mg/g Q-gluc and 0.409 mg/g Q-glc, with the Merlot stems showing the highest extraction efficiency and Merlot consistently outperforming the other varieties. Kinetic modeling using an unsteady state diffusion model showed excellent agreement (R2 ≈ 0.99, RMS < 2%), suggesting a leaching-diffusion mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed an endothermic, spontaneous and irreversible process with ΔH° between 19.5 and 36.6 kJ/mol, ΔS° between 69.1 and 131.6 J/molK and ΔG° between −1.1 and −9.2 kJ/mol, depending on the compound and grape stem variety. This study shows that grape stems can be efficiently utilised as a sustainable source of phenolic antioxidants, with potential applications in the production of functional foods and dietary supplements. This integration highlights the novelty of the study and supports the valorization of grape stems in the framework of sustainability and the circular economy.
Keywords: grape stems; Vitis vinifera; phenolic compounds; factorial design; extraction kinetics; thermodynamics; green extraction grape stems; Vitis vinifera; phenolic compounds; factorial design; extraction kinetics; thermodynamics; green extraction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jevtovic, V.; Alabbosh, K.F.S.; Pržić, Z.; Nikolić, J.; Ali Alyami, R.; Alshammari, M.R.; Alshammari, B.; Rakic, V.; Alshammari, O.A.O.; Mitić, M. Targeted Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Stems: A Sequential Approach. Molecules 2025, 30, 3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173546

AMA Style

Jevtovic V, Alabbosh KFS, Pržić Z, Nikolić J, Ali Alyami R, Alshammari MR, Alshammari B, Rakic V, Alshammari OAO, Mitić M. Targeted Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Stems: A Sequential Approach. Molecules. 2025; 30(17):3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173546

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jevtovic, Violeta, Khulood Fahad Saud Alabbosh, Zoran Pržić, Jelena Nikolić, Reem Ali Alyami, Maha Raghyan Alshammari, Badriah Alshammari, Violeta Rakic, Odeh A. O. Alshammari, and Milan Mitić. 2025. "Targeted Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Stems: A Sequential Approach" Molecules 30, no. 17: 3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173546

APA Style

Jevtovic, V., Alabbosh, K. F. S., Pržić, Z., Nikolić, J., Ali Alyami, R., Alshammari, M. R., Alshammari, B., Rakic, V., Alshammari, O. A. O., & Mitić, M. (2025). Targeted Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Stems: A Sequential Approach. Molecules, 30(17), 3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30173546

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