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Volume 30
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10.3390/molecules30163433
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

From Analytical Profiling to Liposomal Delivery: Cannabinol as a Model for Antioxidant Encapsulation and Diffusion Enhancement

by
Aleksandar Marinković
1,
Đura Nakarada
2,*,
Miloš Marinković
1,
Hadi Waisi
1,
Vladislav Živanić
3,
Arcadio Vazquez
4 and
Miloš Mojović
2,*
1
Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Center for Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, BioScope Labs, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
3
BS BG Technology, Nikolaja Gogolja 24, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
4
Mimexis Pharma S.R.O., V doline 1515/1b, 101 00 Praha, Czech Republic
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3433; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163433
Submission received: 27 July 2025 / Revised: 18 August 2025 / Accepted: 18 August 2025 / Published: 20 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids and Surfactants in Delivery Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study explores the antioxidant potential and delivery performance of five structurally distinct cannabinoids, with a particular focus on cannabinol (CBN). Comprehensive structural characterization using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed key molecular features relevant to antioxidant function. Among the tested compounds, CBN exhibited the most potent and balanced radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals. Based on these findings, CBN was selected for formulation into soy lecithin liposomes. The resulting CBN-loaded liposomes displayed favorable colloidal properties, with an average size of approximately 122.9 ± 0.4 nm. Results indicating increased membrane order upon CBN incorporation suggest enhanced stability of the liposomal bilayer. Antioxidant activity assays showed that CBN-loaded liposomes retain significant radical scavenging capacity, though with a moderate reduction compared to free CBN. EPR imaging further demonstrated superior diffusion of liposomal CBN through a gelatin-based semi-solid model compared to the control solution. While the current model does not replicate skin architecture, it provides a cost-effective and reproducible platform for early-stage screening of formulation mobility. These results position CBN-loaded liposomes as a promising candidate for dermal antioxidant applications, combining favorable physicochemical properties with enhanced diffusion behavior.
Keywords: cannabinol; liposomes; antioxidant activity; EPR spectroscopy; diffusion cannabinol; liposomes; antioxidant activity; EPR spectroscopy; diffusion

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Marinković, A.; Nakarada, Đ.; Marinković, M.; Waisi, H.; Živanić, V.; Vazquez, A.; Mojović, M. From Analytical Profiling to Liposomal Delivery: Cannabinol as a Model for Antioxidant Encapsulation and Diffusion Enhancement. Molecules 2025, 30, 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163433

AMA Style

Marinković A, Nakarada Đ, Marinković M, Waisi H, Živanić V, Vazquez A, Mojović M. From Analytical Profiling to Liposomal Delivery: Cannabinol as a Model for Antioxidant Encapsulation and Diffusion Enhancement. Molecules. 2025; 30(16):3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163433

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marinković, Aleksandar, Đura Nakarada, Miloš Marinković, Hadi Waisi, Vladislav Živanić, Arcadio Vazquez, and Miloš Mojović. 2025. "From Analytical Profiling to Liposomal Delivery: Cannabinol as a Model for Antioxidant Encapsulation and Diffusion Enhancement" Molecules 30, no. 16: 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163433

APA Style

Marinković, A., Nakarada, Đ., Marinković, M., Waisi, H., Živanić, V., Vazquez, A., & Mojović, M. (2025). From Analytical Profiling to Liposomal Delivery: Cannabinol as a Model for Antioxidant Encapsulation and Diffusion Enhancement. Molecules, 30(16), 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163433

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