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Molecules
Volume 30
Issue 15
10.3390/molecules30153194
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-like Structured MoS2@CoFe2O4 Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation

by
Jin Qi
1,
Kai Zhu
1,*,
Ming Li
1,
Yucan Liu
2,
Pingzhou Duan
3 and
Lihua Huang
1,*
1
College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
2
School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153194
Submission received: 9 July 2025 / Revised: 26 July 2025 / Accepted: 28 July 2025 / Published: 30 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Nanochemistry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Steel pickling sludge serves as a valuable iron source for synthesizing Fe-based catalysts in heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, MoS2@CoFe2O4 catalyst derived from steel pickling sludge was prepared via a facile solvothermal approach and utilized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation. Comprehensive characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the supported microstructure, composition, and crystalline structure of the catalyst. Key operational parameters—including catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and initial pH—were systematically optimized, achieving 81% degradation efficiency within 30 min. Quenching tests and EPR analysis revealed ∙SO4‒ as the primary oxidative species, while the catalyst maintained high stability and reusability across cycles. TCH degradation primarily occurs through hydroxylation, decarbonylation, ring-opening, and oxidation reactions. This study presents a cost-effective strategy for transforming steel pickling sludge into a high-performance Fe-based catalyst, demonstrating its potential for practical AOP applications.
Keywords: pickling sludge; MoS2@CoFe2O4 catalyst; peroxymonosulfate; degradation; tetracycline hydrochloride pickling sludge; MoS2@CoFe2O4 catalyst; peroxymonosulfate; degradation; tetracycline hydrochloride

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MDPI and ACS Style

Qi, J.; Zhu, K.; Li, M.; Liu, Y.; Duan, P.; Huang, L. Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-like Structured MoS2@CoFe2O4 Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation. Molecules 2025, 30, 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153194

AMA Style

Qi J, Zhu K, Li M, Liu Y, Duan P, Huang L. Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-like Structured MoS2@CoFe2O4 Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation. Molecules. 2025; 30(15):3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153194

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qi, Jin, Kai Zhu, Ming Li, Yucan Liu, Pingzhou Duan, and Lihua Huang. 2025. "Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-like Structured MoS2@CoFe2O4 Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation" Molecules 30, no. 15: 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153194

APA Style

Qi, J., Zhu, K., Li, M., Liu, Y., Duan, P., & Huang, L. (2025). Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation by Urchin-like Structured MoS2@CoFe2O4 Derived from Steel Pickling Sludge via Peroxymonosulfate Activation. Molecules, 30(15), 3194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153194

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