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Article

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles

by
Adelina Simamora
1,2,3,
Kris Herawan Timotius
2,
Heri Setiawan
3,4,
Febrina Amelia Saputri
5,
Chinthia Rahadi Putri
5,
Dewi Aryani
5,
Ratih Asmana Ningrum
3,6 and
Abdul Mun’im
3,7,*
1
Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta 11510, Indonesia
3
National Metabolomics Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
4
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
5
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
6
Research Center for Genetic Engineering, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia
7
Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092093
Submission received: 17 March 2024 / Revised: 6 April 2024 / Accepted: 8 April 2024 / Published: 1 May 2024
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Abstract

Xanthorrhizol, an important marker of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, has been recognized for its different pharmacological activities. A green strategy for selective xanthorrhizol extraction is required. Herein, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on glucose and organic acids (lactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were screened for the extraction of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Ultrasound-assisted extraction using glucose/lactic acid (1:3) (GluLA) gave the best yield of xanthorrhizol. The response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken Design was used to optimize the interacting variables of water content, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, and extraction to optimize the extraction. The optimum conditions of 30% water content in GluLA, 1/15 g/mL (S/L), and a 20 min extraction time yielded selective xanthorrhizol extraction (17.62 mg/g) over curcuminoids (6.64 mg/g). This study indicates the protective effect of GluLA and GluLA extracts against oxidation-induced DNA damage, which was comparable with those obtained for ethanol extract. In addition, the stability of the xanthorrhizol extract over 90 days was revealed when stored at −20 and 4 °C. The FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the hydrogen bond formation in GluLA. Our study reported, for the first time, the feasibility of using glucose/lactic acid (1:3, 30% water v/v) for the sustainable extraction of xanthorrhizol.
Keywords: DNA protection activity; NADES; NOESY; response surface methodology; scanning electron microscopy; stability; xanthorrhizol DNA protection activity; NADES; NOESY; response surface methodology; scanning electron microscopy; stability; xanthorrhizol

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MDPI and ACS Style

Simamora, A.; Timotius, K.H.; Setiawan, H.; Saputri, F.A.; Putri, C.R.; Aryani, D.; Ningrum, R.A.; Mun’im, A. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules 2024, 29, 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092093

AMA Style

Simamora A, Timotius KH, Setiawan H, Saputri FA, Putri CR, Aryani D, Ningrum RA, Mun’im A. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules. 2024; 29(9):2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092093

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simamora, Adelina, Kris Herawan Timotius, Heri Setiawan, Febrina Amelia Saputri, Chinthia Rahadi Putri, Dewi Aryani, Ratih Asmana Ningrum, and Abdul Mun’im. 2024. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles" Molecules 29, no. 9: 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092093

APA Style

Simamora, A., Timotius, K. H., Setiawan, H., Saputri, F. A., Putri, C. R., Aryani, D., Ningrum, R. A., & Mun’im, A. (2024). Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules, 29(9), 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092093

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