Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification of Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants or Bio-Sourced Biomasses as Building Blocks for the Design of Flame Retardants
2.1. Saccharide-Based FRs
2.2. Nucleic Acids
2.3. Protein-Based FRs
2.4. Vegetable Oil-Based FRs
2.5. Bio-Sourced Aromatic FRs
2.6. Phytic Acid and Phytates
3. Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Recent Outcomes
3.1. Cotton Fabrics
3.2. Wool Fabrics
3.3. Silk Fabrics
3.4. Other Fabrics
4. Current Limitations and Perspective Trends in the Use of Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant | Fire-Retardant Mechanism(s) |
---|---|
Cellulose | Carbon source Char-former after chemical modification |
Hemicellulose | Carbon source |
Starch | Carbon source Char-former after oxidation (i.e., conversion in polyoxoacids) |
Isosorbide | Carbon source Char-former after chemical modification |
Cyclodextrins | Carbon source in intumescent systems |
Chitosan | Carbon source Char-former after chemical modification |
Tartaric acid | Its P-containing esters are char-formers |
Tea Saponin | Carbon source Blowing agent |
Nucleic acids | Intumescent systems with a predominant condensed phase action |
Whey proteins | Char-formers |
Caseins | Char-formers |
Hydrophobins | Char-formers |
Vegetable oils | Char-formers after chemical modification |
Lignin | Char-former (alone or in combination with other FRs) Intumescent system after chemical modification with N-containing compounds |
Phloroglucinol | Surfactant for the modification of layered double hydroxides |
Cardanol | Surfactant for the modification of layered double hydroxides |
Levulinic acid | Char-former after chemical modification |
Phytic acid and phytates | Char-formers Components for intumescent systems |
Textile Substrate | Type of Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant | Main Outcomes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Cotton | Ammonium salt of arginine hexamethylenephosphonic acid |
| [85] |
Cotton | Ammonium starch phosphate |
| [86] |
Cotton | Graphite carbon nitride/phosphorylated chitosan (2 or 4 layer-by-layer assemblies) |
| [87] |
Cotton | Chitosan + biochar/phytic acid (5 layer-by-layer assemblies) |
| [79] |
Cotton | Laccase/Phytic acid (1 layer-by-layer assembly) |
| [88] |
Cotton | 2,6-dimethoxy polysaccharide ammonium phosphate |
| [89] |
Cotton | Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 modified with chitosan and Zn2+ |
| [90] |
Cotton | Phosphorylated furan-based FR |
| [91] |
Cotton | Branched polyethylene imine/cellulose nanocrystals polyelectrolyte complex |
| [92] |
Cotton | Phytic acid + 3-(2-aminoethylamino)-propyltrimethoxysilane |
| [93] |
Cotton | Egg white proteins/magnesium lignosulfonate–diammonium phosphate (5 layer-by-layer assemblies) |
| [94] |
Cotton | Lignin-silica-based liquid + 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide |
| [95] |
Cotton | Chitosan protonated with amino trimethylene phosphonic acid |
| [96] |
Cotton | Sol-gel coating made of γ-ureidopropyltriethoxysilane and ammonia phytate |
| [97] |
Wool | Ammonium phytate |
| [98] |
Silk | Phytate urea salt |
| [99] |
Silk | Glycidyl phytate isocyanurate |
| [100] |
Silk | Pentaerythritol phytate ethylenediaminetetraacetic ester |
| [101] |
Silk | Coating made of phytic acid, triethanolamine, and citric acid |
| [102] |
Polyester | Sodium alginate and Fe3+ |
| [103] |
Polyester | Coating made of phosphite, pentamethyldisiloxane, urea, and sodium alginate |
| [104] |
Kapok | Phytic acid and urea |
| [105] |
Nylon/Cotton | Chitosan/Phytic acid/Tannic acid layer-by-layer assemblies (15 quad-layers) |
| [106] |
Nylon/Cotton | Phytic acid and L-cysteine |
| [107] |
Polyester/Cotton | Phytic acid-urea salt |
| [108] |
Cotton/Lyocell | MXene and bio-based carbon dots |
| [109] |
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Malucelli, G. Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Molecules 2024, 29, 3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133067
Malucelli G. Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Molecules. 2024; 29(13):3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133067
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalucelli, Giulio. 2024. "Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going" Molecules 29, no. 13: 3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133067