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Article

Whey Protein Sodium-Caseinate as a Deliverable Vector for EGCG: In Vitro Optimization of Its Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, and Bioactivity Mode of Actions

by
Ali Korin
1,2,
Mostafa M. Gouda
1,3,4,*,
Mahmoud Youssef
1,2,
Eman Elsharkawy
5,*,
Amgad Albahi
1,6,
Fuchao Zhan
1,
Remah Sobhy
7 and
Bin Li
1,*
1
College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
3
College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
4
Department of Nutrition & Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
5
Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
6
National Food Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Khartoum 113, Sudan
7
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112588
Submission received: 9 May 2024 / Revised: 26 May 2024 / Accepted: 29 May 2024 / Published: 31 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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Abstract

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the principal catechin in green tea, exhibits diverse therapeutic properties. However, its clinical efficacy is hindered by poor stability and low bioavailability. This study investigated solid particle-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) as carriers to enhance the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of EGCG. Molecular docking revealed binding interactions between EGCG and these macromolecules. The WPI- and NaCas-stabilized emulsions exhibited high encapsulation efficiencies (>80%) and significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of EGCG by 64% compared to free EGCG after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Notably, the NaCas emulsion facilitated higher intestinal permeability of EGCG across Caco-2 monolayers, attributed to the strong intermolecular interactions between caseins and EGCG. Furthermore, the emulsions protected Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. These findings demonstrate the potential of WPI- and NaCas-stabilized emulsions as effective delivery systems to improve the bioavailability, stability, and bioactivity of polyphenols like EGCG, enabling their applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Keywords: epigallocatechin gallate; polyphenol; bioaccessibility; molecular docking; Caco-2 cell assay; anti-proliferative activity epigallocatechin gallate; polyphenol; bioaccessibility; molecular docking; Caco-2 cell assay; anti-proliferative activity
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MDPI and ACS Style

Korin, A.; Gouda, M.M.; Youssef, M.; Elsharkawy, E.; Albahi, A.; Zhan, F.; Sobhy, R.; Li, B. Whey Protein Sodium-Caseinate as a Deliverable Vector for EGCG: In Vitro Optimization of Its Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, and Bioactivity Mode of Actions. Molecules 2024, 29, 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112588

AMA Style

Korin A, Gouda MM, Youssef M, Elsharkawy E, Albahi A, Zhan F, Sobhy R, Li B. Whey Protein Sodium-Caseinate as a Deliverable Vector for EGCG: In Vitro Optimization of Its Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, and Bioactivity Mode of Actions. Molecules. 2024; 29(11):2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112588

Chicago/Turabian Style

Korin, Ali, Mostafa M. Gouda, Mahmoud Youssef, Eman Elsharkawy, Amgad Albahi, Fuchao Zhan, Remah Sobhy, and Bin Li. 2024. "Whey Protein Sodium-Caseinate as a Deliverable Vector for EGCG: In Vitro Optimization of Its Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, and Bioactivity Mode of Actions" Molecules 29, no. 11: 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112588

APA Style

Korin, A., Gouda, M. M., Youssef, M., Elsharkawy, E., Albahi, A., Zhan, F., Sobhy, R., & Li, B. (2024). Whey Protein Sodium-Caseinate as a Deliverable Vector for EGCG: In Vitro Optimization of Its Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, and Bioactivity Mode of Actions. Molecules, 29(11), 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112588

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