Formation and In Vitro Simulated Digestion Study of Gelatinized Korean Pine Seed Oil Encapsulated with Calcified Wax
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physical Characterization of KPSO Gel
2.2. Influence of Temperature on Gel Strength of KPSO Gel
2.3. KPSO Gel Oil-Binding Capacity and FT-IR Scanning
2.4. Microstructure Observation of KPSO Gel
2.5. Analysis of KPSO Gel by Digestive Model
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. Preparation of Calcified Wax
4.4. Preparation of KPSO Gel
4.5. Characterization of KPSO Gel Properties
4.5.1. Critical Gelling Ability (C*) Analysis
4.5.2. Texture Profile Analysis
4.5.3. Analysis of Temperature Intervention Gel Strength Change
4.5.4. Oil-Holding Capacity Measurement
4.5.5. Determination of Molecular Forces by Fourier Spectroscopy
4.5.6. Micro Structure Analysis
4.6. Construction of Digestive Model In Vitro
4.6.1. Simulated Oral Digestion
4.6.2. Simulated Gastric Digestion
4.6.3. Simulated Intestinal Digestion
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Sample | Hardness (g) | Adhesive Force (g) | Cohesiveness (mj) | Elasticity (mm) | Adhesion (g) | Mastication (mj) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group1 | |||||||
BW | 1479.04 ± 6.04 a | 373.33 ± 10.12 a | 0.72 ± 0.11 b | 6.77 ± 1.39 a | 14.67 ± 0.59 c | 43.36 ± 1.28 a | |
BW:Ca | BW5:Ca5 | 112.18 ± 4.22 f | 5.51 ± 0.51 ef | 0.13 ± 0.02 ef | 0.43 ± 0.02 e | 13.33 ± 1.53 d | 0.38 ± 0.07 e |
BW6:Ca4 | 529.10 ± 14.55 b | 153.53 ± 8.72 b | 0.13 ± 0.06 e | 1.76 ± 0.11 c | 33.83 ± 1.35 a | 0.46 ± 0.14 c | |
BW7:Ca3 | 480.01 ± 5.02 c | 18.19 ± 0.25 d | 0.25 ± 0.06 d | 0.12 ± 0.02 f | 12.33 ± 0.43 e | 0.43 ± 0.04 d | |
BW8:Ca2 | 268.10 ± 7.40 e | 5.86 ± 5.80 e | 1.92 ± 2.52 a | 3.20 ± 4.49 b | 20.25 ± 9.74 b | 14.53 ± 14.35 b | |
BW9:Ca1 | 340.38 ± 15.79 d | 116.33 ± 0.47 c | 0.61 ± 0.48 c | 1.64 ± 0.50 d | 9.92 ± 0.09 f | 0.17 ± 0.03 f | |
Group2 | |||||||
RBW | 143.26 ± 16.68 f | 25.00 ± 2.06 a | 0.31 ± 0.31 f | 0.52 ± 0.06 e | 17.09 ± 0.93 e | 0.22 ± 0.14 f | |
RBW:Ca | RBW5:Ca5 | 269.04 ± 15.29 d | 15.33 ± 0.47 e | 0.90 ± 0.05 a | 0.87 ± 0.11 a | 27.92 ± 1.09 b | 0.65 ± 0.43 a |
RBW6:Ca4 | 258.59 ± 37.97 e | 16.97 ± 0.31 d | 0.62 ± 0.19 b | 0.69 ± 0.26 b | 46.42 ± 0.60 a | 0.46 ± 0.36 d | |
RBW7:Ca3 | 318.46 ± 9.18 c | 14.09 ± 3.14 f | 0.49 ± 0.23 e | 0.65 ± 0.30 c | 26.22 ± 10.68 c | 0.54 ± 0.24 c | |
RBW8:Ca2 | 327.33 ± 6.14 b | 19.19 ± 0.25 c | 0.53 ± 0.32 d | 0.46 ± 0.07 f | 18.81 ± 5.45 d | 0.61 ± 0.20 b | |
RBW9:Ca1 | 365.22 ± 7.98 a | 22.42 ± 2.68 b | 0.54 ± 0.27 c | 0.63 ± 0.23 d | 16.83 ± 1.82 f | 0.45 ± 0.16 e | |
Group3 | |||||||
CW | 1066.92 ± 24.32 a | 253.67 ± 10.69 a | 0.31 ± 0.31 bc | 3.28 ± 0.26 a | 65.09 ± 2.60 a | 5.25 ± 0.27 a | |
CW:Ca | CW5:Ca5 | 33.92 ± 1.24 d | 3.06 ± 0.24 e | 0.54 ± 0.30 ab | 0.36 ± 0.03 d | 7.59 ± 0.34 e | 0.18 ± 0.06 f |
CW6:Ca4 | 14.99 ± 0.36 e | 1.26 ± 0.20 f | 0.36 ± 0.40 b | 0.33 ± 0.19 e | 5.47 ± 0.33 f | 0.67 ± 0.14 b | |
CW7:Ca3 | 126.68 ± 13.82 b | 5.12 ± 0.10 b | 0.05 ± 0.03 d | 0.26 ± 0.17 f | 13.22 ± 2.43 d | 0.37 ± 0.01 e | |
CW8:Ca2 | 120.46 ± 7.58 bc | 4.39 ± 0.34 c | 0.15 ± 0.13 c | 0.51 ± 0.14 c | 19.81 ± 4.90 c | 0.48 ± 0.31 d | |
CW9:Ca1 | 69.89 ± 2.77 c | 3.36 ± 0.31 d | 0.77 ± 0.14 a | 1.43 ± 0.41 b | 31.31 ± 2.05 b | 0.62 ± 0.27 c |
Samples | Effect of Wax Base Concentration (wt%) on Average Particle Size (μm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 wt% | 5 wt% | 7 wt% | 9 wt% | 11 wt% | ||
Group1 | ||||||
BW | 6.56 ± 0.37 b | 7.67 ± 0.31 a | 8.50 ± 0.45 a | 9.56 ± 0.36 a | 11.18 ± 0.69 a | |
BW:Ca | BW5:Ca5 | 5.08 ± 0.57 d | 4.96 ± 0.60 d | 5.08 ± 0.50 e | 4.97 ± 0.68 f | 4.63 ± 0.30 e |
BW6:Ca4 | 5.57 ± 0.35 c | 5.60 ± 0.31 c | 5.62 ± 0.33 d | 5.50 ± 0.30 e | 5.96 ± 0.59 d | |
BW7:Ca3 | 6.56 ± 0.33 b | 6.96 ± 0.58 b | 6.48 ± 0.41 c | 6.45 ± 0.28 d | 6.43 ± 0.25 c | |
BW8:Ca2 | 7.53 ± 0.36 b | 7.02 ± 0.46 b | 6.56 ± 0.38 c | 6.71 ± 0.29 c | 6.57 ± 0.31 c | |
BW9:Ca1 | 7.52 ± 0.31 a | 7.98 ± 0.57 a | 8.36 ± 0.98 b | 9.01 ± 0.66 b | 9.58 ± 0.79 b | |
Group2 | ||||||
RBW | 7.49 ± 0.32 a | 7.86 ± 0.53 a | 8.62 ± 0.97 a | 8.43 ± 0.95 a | 8.30 ± 0.78 a | |
RBW:Ca | RBW5:Ca5 | 5.96 ± 0.53 d | 6.95 ± 0.58 b | 6.92 ± 0.57 c | 6.47 ± 0.40 cd | 5.98 ± 0.62 d |
RBW6:Ca4 | 6.95 ± 0.52 c | 6.11 ± 0.55 d | 5.89 ± 0.54 e | 6.22 ± 0.56 d | 6.26 ± 0.57 d | |
RBW7:Ca3 | 7.24 ± 0.47 ab | 7.09 ± 0.65 b | 6.08 ± 0.65 e | 6.70 ± 0.96 bc | 6.65 ± 0.72 c | |
RBW8:Ca2 | 6.10 ± 0.60 d | 6.52 ± 0.86 c | 6.55 ± 0.74 d | 6.93 ± 0.60 b | 7.14 ± 0.55 b | |
RBW9:Ca1 | 7.08 ± 0.59 bc | 7.12 ± 0.55 b | 7.48 ± 0.86 b | 6.27 ± 0.89 d | 7.07 ± 0.67 b | |
Group3 | ||||||
CW | 7.07 ± 0.63 b | 6.51 ± 0.88 cd | 6.47 ± 0.34 cd | 6.20 ± 0.67 c | 6.98 ± 0.60 a | |
CW:Ca | CW5:Ca5 | 7.24 ± 1.14 b | 6.09 ± 0.61 e | 6.17 ± 0.69 d | 6.66 ± 0.94 b | 7.08 ± 0.65 a |
CW6:Ca4 | 7.00 ± 0.65 b | 6.89 ± 0.54 ab | 6.80 ± 0.98 bc | 6.63 ± 0.86 bc | 6.22 ± 0.56 b | |
CW7:Ca3 | 6.17 ± 0.70 c | 6.57 ± 0.35 bc | 7.05 ± 0.57 ab | 6.95 ± 0.65 b | 6.48 ± 0.92 b | |
CW8:Ca2 | 7.12 ± 0.56 b | 6.16 ± 1.19 de | 7.03 ± 0.64 ab | 6.62 ± 1.03 bc | 5.65 ± 1.36 c | |
CW9:Ca1 | 8.58 ± 0.33 a | 7.07 ± 0.48 a | 7.47 ± 0.98 a | 7.51 ± 0.88 a | 7.21 ± 1.19 a |
Sample | Average Particle Size/μm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Gastric | Intestinal | ||
Group1 | ||||
BW | 10.99 ± 0.60 a | 10.03 ± 0.61 a | 10.47 ± 0.39 a | |
BW:Ca | BW5:Ca5 | 5.04 ± 0.61 d | 6.50 ± 0.28 c | 6.19 ± 0.65 c |
BW6:Ca4 | 5.89 ± 0.69 c | 5.04 ± 0.53 f | 5.56 ± 1.09 d | |
BW7:Ca3 | 5.66 ± 0.32 c | 6.00 ± 0.66 d | 5.95 ± 0.75 c | |
BW8:Ca2 | 5.95 ± 0.62 c | 5.58 ± 0.27 e | 5.54 ± 0.97 d | |
BW9:Ca1 | 9.33 ± 0.96 b | 8.82 ± 1.30 b | 9.20 ± 0.57 b | |
Group2 | ||||
RBW | 8.08 ± 0.67 a | 7.48 ± 0.33 a | 7.06 ± 0.54 a | |
RBW:Ca | RBW5:Ca5 | 6.54 ± 0.30 c | 5.45 ± 0.42 d | 5.57 ± 0.90 d |
RBW6:Ca4 | 6.44 ± 0.89 c | 5.99 ± 0.74 c | 6.64 ± 0.37 b | |
RBW7:Ca3 | 6.54 ± 0.34 c | 6.16 ± 0.69 c | 5.64 ± 0.35 d | |
RBW8:Ca2 | 7.15 ± 0.55 b | 7.10 ± 0.64 b | 6.03 ± 0.55 c | |
RBW9:Ca1 | 7.04 ± 0.54 b | 6.21 ± 0.60 c | 6.71 ± 0.84 b | |
Group3 | ||||
CW | 6.43 ± 0.37 c | 6.50 ± 0.36 a | 6.55 ± 0.40 a | |
CW:Ca | CW5:Ca5 | 6.51 ± 0.33 c | 5.97 ± 0.71 b | 6.04 ± 0.70 b |
CW6:Ca4 | 6.48 ± 0.31 c | 6.06 ± 0.53 b | 5.58 ± 0.32 c | |
CW7:Ca3 | 6.55 ± 0.37 c | 6.12 ± 0.69 b | 6.13 ± 1.15 bc | |
CW8:Ca2 | 7.13 ± 0.63 b | 6.18 ± 0.70 ab | 5.98 ± 0.60 bc | |
CW9:Ca1 | 7.44 ± 0.91 a | 6.54 ± 0.34 a | 6.66 ± 1.07 a |
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Wang, P.; Wang, H.; Hou, Y.; Wang, J.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, N.; Guo, Q. Formation and In Vitro Simulated Digestion Study of Gelatinized Korean Pine Seed Oil Encapsulated with Calcified Wax. Molecules 2023, 28, 7334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217334
Wang P, Wang H, Hou Y, Wang J, Fan Y, Zhang N, Guo Q. Formation and In Vitro Simulated Digestion Study of Gelatinized Korean Pine Seed Oil Encapsulated with Calcified Wax. Molecules. 2023; 28(21):7334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217334
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Peng, Honglu Wang, Yanli Hou, Jingyi Wang, Yue Fan, Na Zhang, and Qingqi Guo. 2023. "Formation and In Vitro Simulated Digestion Study of Gelatinized Korean Pine Seed Oil Encapsulated with Calcified Wax" Molecules 28, no. 21: 7334. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217334