Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diabetes
2.1. Chronic Inflammation as a Cause of Diabetes
2.2. Understanding the Relationship between Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
3. The Landscape of ROS
3.1. Sources of Free Radicals in the Cells
3.1.1. Mitochondria
3.1.2. Peroxisome
3.1.3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
4. Visiting the Most Recent Antioxidants of Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms in Diabetes
4.1. Flavonoids
Polyphenols | ROS | SOD | Catalase | NO | Lipid Peroxidase | GSH | RNS | DPPH | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | |||||||||
Hexane extract of Eryngium carlinae | NE | ↑ | NE | [162] | |||||
Cinnamic acid | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | [163,164,165,166] | ||||
p-coumaric acid | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [167] | |||||
Caffeic acid | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [168] | |||||
Ferulic acid | ↑ | ↑ | [169] | ||||||
Sinapic acid | ↓ | [170] | |||||||
Gentisic acid | ↓ | [171] | |||||||
Vanillic acid | NE | [171] | |||||||
Gallic acid | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [172] | |||||
Syringic acid | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [173] | |||
Protocatechuic acid | NE | [171] | |||||||
Flavonoids | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Catechin (pumpkin pulp extract) | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | [174] | |||
Epicatechin | |||||||||
Epigallocatechin | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [175] | ||
| ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | [176] | |||||
Biochanin A | ↓ | [177] | |||||||
Formononetin | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | [153] | |||||
| ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | [153] | |||||
Hesperetin | |||||||||
Naringenin | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [179] | ||||
| ↓ | ↓ | WE,↓ | [180,181] | |||||
Quercetin | |||||||||
Quercetin + Naringenin | WE | [180] | |||||||
Kaempferol | ↓ | [180] | |||||||
Galangin | ↓ | [182] | |||||||
Fisetin | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | [183] | |||||
Myricetin | ↓ | ↓ | [184] | ||||||
| ↓ | ↓ | [185,186] | ||||||
Taxifolin | |||||||||
| ↓ | ↓ | [187] | ||||||
Eriodictyol | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | [188] | |||||
Stilbenes Resveratrol | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [187] | |||||
Phytoestrogen Lignans | ↓ | [188] |
Polyphenols | ROS | NOX-4 | ICAM-1 | p-ERK | VCAM | TNF-α | IL-6 | MCP-1 | MAPKs | Metal ion Chelator | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids Epicatechin (EC) 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | [228] [228] | |
Flavonoids Catechins Formononetin | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [229] [152] | |||||
Stilbenes Resveratrol | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | [230,231,232] | ||||
Phytoestrogens Lignans Isoflavone | ↓ ↓ | [233] [234] |
Polyphenols | Glucose | A1C | Water Intake | Volume of Urine | NO2−/NO3− | Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) | Nrf2 | Insulin Resistance | Lipoperoxidation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids Phenethyl ester of caffeic acid Ferulic acid (FA) Hexane extract of Eryngium carlinae | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | [235] [236] [161] | ||
Flavonoids Catechins Formononetin | ↓ ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [237] [152] | |||||
Stilbenes Resveratrol | ↑ | ↑ | [238] | |||||||
Phytoestrogen Lignans | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [239,240] |
4.2. Catechins
4.3. Phytoestrogens
5. Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients with Diabetes
6. Conclusions and Future Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A. tsao-ko | Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarié |
AGE | Advanced glycation end |
AKR | Aaldo-keto reductase |
AKT | Protein kinase |
AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
CAT | Catalase |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CVD | Cardiovascular diseases |
DHBA | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid |
DPP-4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
EGCG | Epigallocatechin Gallate |
EGFR | Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
ERK1/2 | Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 |
ERO1 | Endoplasmic reticulum oxireductin 1 |
FRAP | Ferric reducing antioxidant power |
G6Pase | Glucose-6-phosphatase |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide 1 |
GLUT4 | Glucose transporter 4 |
GPx | Glutathione peroxidase |
H2O2 | Hydrogen Peroxide |
HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
HOMA-IR | Homeostatic model evaluation of insulin resistance |
IL-1 | Interleukin-1 |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1 beta |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IRS-1 | Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 |
LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
mDNA | Mitochondrial DNA |
NAD | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide |
NADH | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NF-kB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
NHANES | National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey |
NO | Nitric Oxide |
NOXs | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase |
PAR | Protease-activated receptor |
PARP | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase |
PEPCK | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
PGC-1α | Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 alpha |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase |
PKC | Protein kinase C |
PPAR α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha |
PPAR γ | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
RAGE | Receptor for advanced glycation end products |
RNS | Reactive nitogen species |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SDG | Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside |
SIRT1 | Sirtuin1 |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-beta |
VAC | Vaccarin |
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Dietary Source | Dose (Daily) | T2DM Patients | Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers | Diabetes Markers | Cardiovascular Risk Markers | Renal Markers | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium sativum and Olea europaea oil | 160 patients | Decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Increased High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels | [255] | ||||
Astaxanthin | 12 mg | 24 patients | Not a significant change in glucose and insulin levels Decreased low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol | Reduced fibrinogen, L-selectin, and fetuin-A | [256] | ||
Beetroot juice (concentrated) | 24 ml | 46 patients | No effect | [257] | |||
Ginger | 2000 mg | 44 hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease | A higher nonsignificant increase nitric oxide | Reduced blood glucose levels, decreased homeostatic model evaluation of insulin resistance (HOMA)-IR | Decreased creatinine | [258] | |
Mudan granules | 3 times | 93 patients with painful diabetic neuropathy | Reduced pain and numbness in the extremities Increased nerve conduction velocity | [259] | |||
Resveratrol | 1000 mg | 97 older adults with T2D | Reduced lipoperoxides, isoprostanes and C-reactive protein levels | HbA1c level Hypolipemic effect | [260] | ||
Resveratrol plus delta-tocotrienol | 400 mg capsule (delta-tocotrienol 250 mg; resveratrol 150 mg) | 82 patients with metabolic syndrome | Reduced C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde | Reduced fasting plasma glucose, serum triglyceride | [261] | ||
Rutin flavonoid | 50 patients | Decreased interleukin 6, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde | Decreased FBG, insulin, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA)-IR; Decreased LDL-c, triglyceride (TG) | [262] |
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Arabshomali, A.; Bazzazzadehgan, S.; Mahdi, F.; Shariat-Madar, Z. Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2023, 28, 7209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207209
Arabshomali A, Bazzazzadehgan S, Mahdi F, Shariat-Madar Z. Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules. 2023; 28(20):7209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207209
Chicago/Turabian StyleArabshomali, Arman, Shadi Bazzazzadehgan, Fakhri Mahdi, and Zia Shariat-Madar. 2023. "Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes" Molecules 28, no. 20: 7209. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207209