Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chromatographic Analysis of the Chemical Composition of MEOE
2.2. Antioxidant Activity of MEOE
2.3. Antibacterial Activity of MEOE
3. Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of MEOE
3.2. Antioxidant Activity of MEOE
3.3. Antibacterial Activity of MEOE
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Location and Plant Material Identification
4.2. Extraction of MOEO
4.3. Gas Chromatography Spectrometry Analysis of MOEO
4.4. Antioxidant Activity of MOEO
4.5. Antibacterial Activity of MOEO
4.5.1. Bacterial Strains
4.5.2. Agar Diffusion Method
4.5.3. Determination of Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Sensitivity
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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(a) | ||||||
Num. | TR (min) | Compound Name | Percentage in the Sample (Relative Areas) | |||
Wild1 | Wild2 | Cfield | CGreenhouse | |||
1 | 4.39 | Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
2 | 4.70 | Tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane, 1,3,3-trimethyl- | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
3 | 5.08 | Beta-myrcene | 4.40 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 4.50 |
4 | 5.37 | (+)-4-Carene | 1.87 | 1.89 | 2.01 | 1.90 |
5 | 5.46 | o-Cymene | 13.42 | 13.24 | 11.90 | 12.50 |
6 | 5.51 | d-Limonene | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.90 |
7 | 5.54 | Eucalyptol | 1.66 | 1.65 | 2.01 | 1.50 |
8 | 5.83 | Gamma-Terpine | 6.23 | 7.10 | 6.70 | 6.41 |
9 | 5.91 | Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, (1α,2β,5α)- | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
10 | 6.14 | cyclohexane 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)- | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.27 |
11 | 6.24 | Linalool | 0.95 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.02 |
12 | 7.06 | 3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (r)- | 1.79 | 1.80 | 2.01 | 1.84 |
13 | 7.22 | Alpha-terpineol | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.28 |
14 | 7.59 | Benzene 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
15 | 8.16 | Thymol | 8.90 | 6.90 | 1.90 | 13.90 |
16 | 8.23 | Carvacrol | 16.60 | 14.10 | 16.20 | 25.20 |
17 | 8.74 | Eugenol | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
18 | 9.38 | Caryophyllene | 4.83 | 5.01 | 5.01 | 4.90 |
19 | 9.46 | cis-alpha-bergamotene | 1.14 | 1.10 | 2.00 | 1.20 |
20 | 9.66 | Humulene | 2.32 | 2.33 | 3.14 | 3.01 |
21 | 9.79 | Phenol, 3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxy | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.42 |
22 | 10.06 | β-Bisabolene | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
23 | 10.72 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.78 |
24 | 10.92 | (1R,3E,7E,11R)-1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo[9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.28 |
(b) | ||||||
Site | Thymol (%) | Carvacrol (%) | ||||
Wild1 | 8.4 ± 1.02 ab | 16.4 ± 1.30 ab | ||||
Wild2 | 6.6 ± 0.99 b | 13.8 ± 1.83 ab | ||||
CField | 1.7 ± 0.04 c | 15.7 ± 1.06 ab | ||||
CGreenhouse | 14.1 ± 1.680 a | 25.7 ± 2.02 a |
Site/ Concentration (µL mL−1) | ABTS Antioxidant Activity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 10.00 | |
Wild1 | 85.74 ± 0.21 a | 90.69 ± 0.18 b | 93.44 ± 0.54 b | 95.61 ± 0.53 c |
Wild2 | 90.80 ± 0.01 a | 93.28 ± 0.11 a | 93.28 ± 0.11 b | 95.27 ± 0.10 b |
CField | 91.47 ± 0.05 b | 90.42 ± 0.13 b | 93.40 ± 0.20 b | 92.27 ± 0.20 b |
CGreenhouse | 92.76 ± 0.19 b | 93.05 ± 0.01 b | 93.33 ± 0.11 b | 94.50 ± 0.28 b |
Specie | Production System | Assay Type to Calculate the AoA 1 | % AoA | Region, Country |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lippia graveolens | PNO 2 | ABTS 5 | 93.4% | Durango, Mexico |
CField 3 | 91.9% | |||
CGH 4 | 92.3% | |||
Poliomintha longiflora | CField | ORAC 6 | 34.7% | Nuevo Leon, Mexico [16] |
PNO | 55.6% | |||
Origanum vulgare | CField | DPPH 7 | 61.7–62.0% | Hubei, China [17] |
ABTS | 91.5–95.9% | |||
Oregano (Scientific name NS 8) | NS | DPPH | 79.0–99.8% | Collection site NS [20] |
Origanum vulgare spp. hirtum | CField | ABTS | 8.5% | Warszawa, Poland [22] |
Origanum vulgare spp. vulgare | 8.6% | |||
Origanum vulgare | NS | DPPH | 12.9–47.3% | Uttarakhand, India [46] |
Origanum vulgare | CField | ABTS | 35.0–62.5% | Murcia, Spain [55] |
Origanum vulgare | PNO | ORAC | 52% | Alentejo, Portugal [57] |
Poliomintha longiflora | PNO | ORAC | 92.2% | USA [58] |
Origanum vulgare spp. vulgare | 64.7% | |||
Oregano (Scientific name NS) | NS | ORAC | 50% | USA [59] |
Origanum vulgare | CField | ORAC | 39.8–84.8% | Gatersleben, Germany [60] |
Site | Latitude (N) | Longitude (W) | Altitude (m) | Soil Type | Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild1 | 25.0233° | 104.4758° | 1471 | Phaeozem | Microphyll scrub, semiarid |
Wild2 | 25.1786° | 104.5686° | 1446 | Chernozem | Microphyll scrub, semiarid |
CField | 25.2386° | 104.5675° | 1338 | Fluvisol | Irrigation agriculture |
CGreenhouse | 25.1650° | 104.5558° | 1342 | Chernozem | Controlled conditions |
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Marin-Tinoco, R.I.; Ortega-Ramírez, A.T.; Esteban-Mendez, M.; Silva-Marrufo, O.; Barragan-Ledesma, L.E.; Valenzuela-Núñez, L.M.; Briceño-Contreras, E.A.; Sariñana-Navarrete, M.A.; Camacho-Luis, A.; Navarrete-Molina, C. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico. Molecules 2023, 28, 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186547
Marin-Tinoco RI, Ortega-Ramírez AT, Esteban-Mendez M, Silva-Marrufo O, Barragan-Ledesma LE, Valenzuela-Núñez LM, Briceño-Contreras EA, Sariñana-Navarrete MA, Camacho-Luis A, Navarrete-Molina C. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico. Molecules. 2023; 28(18):6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186547
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarin-Tinoco, Ruben I., Angie Tatiana Ortega-Ramírez, Maricela Esteban-Mendez, Oscar Silva-Marrufo, Laura E. Barragan-Ledesma, Luis M. Valenzuela-Núñez, Edwin A. Briceño-Contreras, Maria A. Sariñana-Navarrete, Abelardo Camacho-Luis, and Cayetano Navarrete-Molina. 2023. "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico" Molecules 28, no. 18: 6547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186547