The Garlic Tree of Borneo, Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. (Olacaceae): Potential Utilization in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Cosmetic Industries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Taxonomy, Habitat, Distribution, Ecology, and Botanical Description
3.2. Medicinal Uses
3.3. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Extracts
Extract/Secondary Metabolites | Activities In Vitro | References |
---|---|---|
Petroleum ether extract of seeds | Bacillus cereus, IZD = 25 mm | [25] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IZD = 50 mm | [25] | |
Candida albicans, IZD = 19.2 mm | [25] | |
Aspergillus ochraceus, IZD = 25 mm | [25] | |
n-hexane extract of seeds | Mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells, IC50 = 15.3 μg/mL | [33] |
DPPH, IC50 = 60 ppm | [55] | |
Methanol extract of seeds | DPPH, IC50 = 86.2 ppm | [55] |
Ethanol extract of seeds | DPPH, IC50 = 14.5 ppm | [55] |
n-Hexane extract of bark | C. curvignathus, LC50 = 0.01% | [13] |
Ethyl acetate extract of bark | C. curvignathus, LC50 = 0.02% | [13] |
Brine shrimps, LC50 = 31.1 ppm | [34] | |
DPPH, IC50 = 55.5 ppm | [24] | |
Methanol extract of bark | DPPH, IC50 = 52.4 ppm | [24] |
Methanol extract from leaves | DPPH, IC50 = 36.8 ppm | [24] |
Essential oil of leaves | DPPH, IC50 = 715.9 µg/mL | [52] |
(1) | S. aureus, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] |
Micrococcus luteus, MIC = 25 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Bacillus subtilis, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Mycobacterium smegmatis, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Escherichia coli, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Candida albicans, MIC = 25 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Saccharomyces cerevisae, MIC = 25 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Mucor racemosus, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Aspergillus niger, MIC = 25 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Platelets aggregation, IC50 = 2.3 × 10−4 M | [32] | |
(2) | Platelets aggregation, IC50 = 2.9 × 10−4 M | [32] |
(3) | Staphylococcus aureus, MIC = 50 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] |
Micrococcus luteus, MIC = 50 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Bacillus subtilis, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Mycobacterium smegmatis, MIC = 50 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Escherichia coli, MIC = 50 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Candida albicans, MIC = 50 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Saccharomyces cerevisae, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Mucor racemosus, MIC = 25 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Aspergillus niger, MIC = 12.5 μg/mL | [26,27,28,29] | |
Bacillus cereus, MM = 25 mg/disc | [25] | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MM = 25 mg/disc | [25] | |
Aspergillus ochraceus, MM = 12.5 mg/disc | [25] | |
Saccharomyces lipolytica, MM =12.5 mg/disc | [25] | |
Candida lipolytica, MM = 12.5 mg/disc | [25] | |
Penicillium sp., MM = 20 mg/disc | [25] | |
Acremonium sp., MM = 1 mg/disc | [25] | |
Microsporium sp., MM = 0.5 mg/disc | [25] | |
Pseudoscaellia boedes, MM = 22 mg/disc | [25] | |
Platelets aggregation, IC50 = 0.4 × 10−4 M | [32] | |
T-Lymphoblastic leukemia cells, IC50 = 3 µg/mL | [25] | |
(4) | Platelets aggregation, IC50 = 1.2 × 10−4 M | [32] |
(7) | T-Lymphoblastic leukemia cells, IC50 = 24 µg/mL | [25] |
(9) | Mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells, IC50 = 1.1 µg/mL | [33] |
DPPH, IC50 = 51.1 ppm | [56] | |
(11) | Mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells, IC50 = 1.7 µg/mL | [56] |
DPPH, IC50 = 42.2 ppm | [56] | |
(12) | Bacillus cereus, IZD = 12 mm | [25] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, IZD = 11 mm | [25] | |
T-Lymphoblastic leukemia cells, IC50 = 0.3–1 µg/mL | [25] | |
(13) | Brine shrimps, LC50 = 42.3 ppm | [51] |
3.4. Cytotoxicity and Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Extracts
3.5. Termiticidal Activity of Extracts
3.6. Radical-Scavenging Activity of Extracts
3.7. Organosulfur Compounds
3.8. Indole Alkaloids
3.9. Sesquiterpenes
3.10. Megastigmanes
3.11. Flavonoid Glycosides
3.12. Miscellaneous
3.13. Toxicity, Side Effects, and Drug Interaction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SM | PP | Activities In Vitro | References |
---|---|---|---|
(1) | Seeds | Antibacterial, antifungal | [26,27,28,29,30,31] |
Platelet aggregation inhibitor | [32] | ||
(2) | Seeds | Platelet aggregation inhibitor | [32] |
(3) | Seeds | Antibacterial, antifungal | [25] |
Platelet aggregation inhibitor | [32] | ||
Cytotoxic | [25] | ||
(4) | Seeds | Platelet aggregation inhibitor | [32] |
(7) | Seeds | Cytotoxic | [15] |
(9) | Seeds | Cytotoxic | [33] |
(11) | Seeds | Cytotoxic | [33] |
(12) | Seeds | Antibacterial | [25] |
Cytotoxic | [25] | ||
(13) | Seeds | Toxic of Artemia salina | [34] |
(14) | Leaves | Anti-inflammatory in vitro | [35] |
Leaves | Phytotoxic | [36] | |
(16) | Leaves | Phytotoxic | [37] |
(18) | Leaves | Antibacterial | [38] |
(19) | Leaves | Antiglycation | [39] |
Anti-inflammatory | [40] | ||
Antiseptic | [41] | ||
Antiosteoporosis | [42] | ||
Cytotoxic | [43,44] | ||
(20) | Leaves | Phytotoxic | [45] |
Hepatoprotective | [46] | ||
Diuretic | [47] | ||
(22) | Leaves | Antigenotoxic | [48] |
Immunostimulant | [49,50] |
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Wiart, C.; Shorna, A.A.; Rahmatullah, M.; Nissapatorn, V.; Seelan, J.S.S.; Rahman, H.; Rusdi, N.A.; Mustaffa, N.; Elbehairy, L.; Sulaiman, M. The Garlic Tree of Borneo, Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. (Olacaceae): Potential Utilization in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Cosmetic Industries. Molecules 2023, 28, 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155717
Wiart C, Shorna AA, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Seelan JSS, Rahman H, Rusdi NA, Mustaffa N, Elbehairy L, Sulaiman M. The Garlic Tree of Borneo, Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. (Olacaceae): Potential Utilization in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Cosmetic Industries. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155717
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiart, Christophe, Afsana Amin Shorna, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Jaya Seelan Sathya Seelan, Homathevi Rahman, Nor Azizun Rusdi, Nazirah Mustaffa, Layane Elbehairy, and Mazdida Sulaiman. 2023. "The Garlic Tree of Borneo, Scorodocarpus borneensis (Baill.) Becc. (Olacaceae): Potential Utilization in Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Cosmetic Industries" Molecules 28, no. 15: 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155717