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Communication

CO2 Capture Mechanism by Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Choline Prolinate and Ethylene Glycol

by
Mingzhe Chen
and
Jinming Xu
*
School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(14), 5461; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145461
Submission received: 8 June 2023 / Revised: 12 July 2023 / Accepted: 13 July 2023 / Published: 17 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Deep Eutectic Solvents)
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Abstract

The choline prolinate ([Ch][Pro]) as a hydrogen bond acceptor and ethylene glycol (EG) as a hydrogen bond donor are both used to synthesize the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) [Ch][Pro]-EG to capture CO2. The CO2 capacity of [Ch][Pro]-EG is determined, and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectrum are used to investigate the CO2 capture mechanism. The results indicate that CO2 reacts with both the amino group of [Pro]− anion and the hydroxyl group of EG, and the mechanism found in this work is different from that reported in the literature for the [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs.

1. Introduction

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have increased at an unbelievable rate, which causes great concern in global society and results in increasing atmospheric temperature and rising sea levels. The unprecedented amounts of atmospheric CO2 are mainly emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels in industry [1,2,3]. An urgent demand to reduce the rising levels of CO2 has driven different industries and fields to explore efficient CO2 capture technologies. The current prominent commercial method for CO2 capture in the industry is the alkanolamine-based scrubbing process, which mainly utilizes aqueous solutions of alkanolamines to absorb CO2 chemically [4,5]. However, alkanolamine-based sorption systems have several inherent drawbacks, such as solvent degradations, equipment corrosion, and high absorbent regeneration energy [6,7]. Thus, developing new efficient sorption systems capable of avoiding the above-mentioned drawbacks is one of the main challenges in the field of carbon capture and storage [8].
In the past decades, as an alternative to amine-based absorbents, ionic liquids (ILs) have received a lot of attention in the CO2 capture field because of their attractive properties, including negligible vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, low flammability, and tunable structures [9,10]. To date, a number of functionalized ILs, which can chemically capture CO2, have been investigated for CO2 capture. Among them, anion-functionalized ILs, such as azolide-based and amine-based ILs, exhibit high CO2 absorption capacities [11,12,13]. However, the main shortcoming of the functionalized ILs is their high viscosity, which limits their large-scale industrial application.
In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), emerging as a new kind of solvent, have gained significant attention because they share many features with ILs, such as very low vapor pressure and tunable properties [14,15]. At present, most DESs are formed by combining hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs), and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between HBDs and HBAs induce a large depression of melting or freezing temperatures of DESs [16,17]. Due to their attractive properties, DESs have been widely investigated in many fields, including organic synthesis, catalysis, biodiesel conversion, electrochemistry, and nanotechnology [18,19,20,21,22,23].
Moreover, the applications of DESs to capture CO2 have also been widely studied [24,25]. Many DESs formed by halide anion-based quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts with common HBDs (ethylene glycol, glycerol, lactic acid, decanoic acid, acetic acid, urea, etc.) have been utilized to capture CO2, and these DESs exhibit low CO2 capacities because they physically interact with CO2 [26,27,28,29,30,31]. In order to improve the CO2 capacity of DESs, several works introduce amino groups into the components (HBDs or HBAs) of DESs. These amino-contained DESs, which are amino-functionalized DESs, present a high capacity due to the chemical interactions between amino groups and CO2 [32,33,34,35,36,37]. Zhang et al. reported the anime-functionalized DESs composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) and monoethanolamine (MEA) for CO2 capture [32], and results indicated that CO2 reacted with the amino group of MEA by forming a carbamate species and BmimCl:MEA (1:4, molar ratio) exhibited a high CO2 capacity (21.4 wt%) at 25 °C and 100 kPa. Trivedi and co-authors studied CO2 capture by DESs formed by monoethanolammonium chloride ([MEAH][Cl]) and ethylenediamine (EDA), and the DESs [MEAH][Cl]-EDA also exhibited a high capacity through the reaction between CO2 and EDA. [33] Shukla et al. investigated CO2 absorption by DESs composed of ammonium salts-based HBAs (choline chloride (ChCl), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), etc.) and amine-based HBDs (MEA, EDA, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), etc.), finding that the synergistic interactions between HBAs and HBDs were important factors for CO2 capture by DESs [34]. Wu and co-authors synthesized DESs comprising triethylenetetrammonium chloride ([TETAH][Cl]) and EG or diethylene glycol (DG), and [TETAH][Cl]:EG(1:3) could absorb CO2 up to 17.5 wt% at 1 atm and 40 °C [35]. Then, hydrophobic amine-functionalized DESs were developed for carbon capture. The hydrophobic DESs [TETAH][Cl]: Thymol (1:3) could chemically capture CO2 through the reaction between CO2 and the free amino groups on the cation [TETAH]+ [36].
Functionalized DESs containing basic anions in the solvents are also proposed to capture carbon. It is found that anion-functionalized DESs, consisting of EG and solid azolide ILs (tetraethylphosphonium imidazolide ([P2222][Im]), tetraethylphosphonium 1,2,4-triazolide ([P2222][Triz]), etc.), could chemically absorb CO2 through the reaction between CO2 and EG [38]. Interestingly, CO2 absorption behaviors of anion-functionalized DESs based on 1,2,3-triazole (Tz) can be changed by tuning the strength of hydrogen bonds formed between the anion [Tz]− and HBDs (EG or Tz) [39]. The DESs composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([Emim][2-CNpyr]) and EG can also chemically capture CO2, and CO2 can react with both [Emim][2-CNpyr] and EG [40]. The CO2 absorption by phenol-derived anion-functionalized DESs was also studied [41], and the results indicated that the steric hindrance of functional groups of HBDs greatly impacted the absorption mechanisms. For example, when CO2 was captured by [Et4N][Car]-EG ([Et4N][Car]: tetraethylammonium carvacrolate), CO2 reacted with both the anion [Car]− and EG. Nevertheless, for the [Et4N][Car]-4CH3-Im (4CH3-Im: 4-methylimidazole) system, CO2 reacted with the anion [Car]−, but did not react with 4CH3-Im. In addition, superbase-derived anion-functionalized DESs were also explored for CO2 capture, such as [DBUH][Im]-EG (DBU: 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5,4,0]undec-7-ene) [42], [DBUH][MLU]-EG (MLU: methyl urea) [43], [DBNH][Triz]-EG (DBN: 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene) [44], [DBUH][Car]-EG [45], DBN-EU (EU: 2-imidazolidone) [46], [DBUH][4-F-PhO]-EG(4-F-PhO:4-Fluorophenolate) [47], ternary DESs [DBUH][4-F-PhO]-4-F-PhOH-EG [47], and DBN-BmimCl-Im [48]. According to the results reported in the literature, it can be found that the components of DESs greatly affect the CO2 absorption behaviors of functionalized DESs. Therefore, revealing the interactions between CO2 and the components of DESs is of great importance to the design of efficient DESs [49].
Recently, the amino-functionalized DESs, consisting of choline prolinate ([Ch][Pro]) and EG, were prepared to capture CO2, and the mechanism studies suggested that CO2 reacted with the anion [Pro]−, forming carbamate acid, but not with EG [50] (Scheme 1). In this work, we also investigate the CO2 capture mechanism by [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs. However, based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results, we find that CO2 can react with both the anion [Pro]− and EG (Scheme 1), and the discussion can be found in the sections below.

2. Results and Discussion

The CO2 capacities of [Ch][Pro]-EG solvents are determined at 25 °C and 1.0 atm (Figure 1). As seen in Figure 1, [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3, molar ratio), (1:4), and (1:5) could capture 0.66, 0.67, and 0.71 mol CO2/mol DESs, respectively.
Then, NMR and FTIR methods are utilized to study the interactions between CO2 and solvents. The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) before and after CO2 capture are presented in Figure 2a. After CO2 capture, new peaks can be observed at 159.7 (C-f), 157.8 (C-4), and 66.4 (C-3) ppm, and the signal of C-d carbon of the anion [Pro]− shifts upward from 62.2 to 61.1 ppm. The new peak at 159.7 ppm is ascribed to the carbonyl carbon of carbamate acid, suggesting the CO2 reacts with the anion [Pro]− [50]. The new peaks at 157.8 ppm can be attributed to the carbonyl carbon of the carbonate species formed by the reaction between CO2 and EG [39,42,43]. The peak at 66.4 ppm is the methylene carbon of the carbonate species derived from EG. The other methylene carbon (C-2) peak of carbonate is overlapped with the C-d carbon (61.1 ppm). The NMR results of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:4) and (1:5) show a similar phenomenon, and the NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) before and after CO2 capture are shown in Figure 2b. The new peaks after capture are at 159.2 (C-f), 157.6 (C-4), and 66.2 (C-3) ppm for [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5), indicating again that CO2 reacts with both the anion [Pro]− and EG.
The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) before and after absorption are also analyzed. As presented in Figure 3a, it can be seen that there are new peaks at 159.6 (C-f), 157.3 (C-4), and 66.0 (C-3) ppm after capture, confirming that CO2 reacts with EG in the [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2), which is different from the results reported by Klemm et al. [50]. Furthermore, the 13C NMR spectra of [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) ([Et4N][Pro]: tetraethylammonium prolinate) are also recorded to test whether CO2 can react with EG after changing cations of DESs. As shown in Figure 3b, four new peaks can be found at 159.5 (C-f), 157.4 (C-4), 66.0 (C-3), and 61.1 (C-2) ppm after capture, suggesting CO2 can also react with both the anion [Pro]− and EG in the [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) solvent, which is consistent with the [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs. Fortunately, the C-2 peak ascribed to one of the methylene carbons of EG-based carbonate species can be observed (Figure 3b), and it is not overlapped with C-d carbon this time. The full-window 13C NMR spectra of the solvents used in this work are shown in Figures S1–S5.
The 1H NMR spectra of the solvents used before and after CO2 capture are presented in Figures S6–S10. As can be seen in the 1H NMR spectra of the DESs after CO2 capture, the methylene hydrogen (H-3) of EG-based carbonate can be observed. Based on the H-3 peak integral values, the amount of CO2 captured by EG can be calculated. The loadings of EG-bonded CO2 of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2), (1:3), (1:4), and (1:5) are 0.07(11.3%), 0.10 (15.2%), 0.13 (19.4%), and 0.14 (19.7%) mol CO2/mol DESs, respectively. The values in parenthesis are the percentages of EG-bonded CO2 to the overall CO2 capacity. The results indicate that EG-bonded CO2 rise with increasing the amount of EG in the DESs. The results reported by reference [50] claimed that CO2 did not react with EG in the DESs [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2), probably because the intensities of the H and C peaks of EG-based carbonate in NMR spectra were very weak and these peaks can be easily overlooked if they are not carefully identified.
The FTIR spectra of the DESs used before and after CO2 capture are shown in Figure 4. As seen in Figure 4a, two new bands at 1623 and 1295 cm−1 can be found after absorption for [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) system. The band at 1623 cm−1 is the combined peak of C=O stretching from the carbamate acid and the carbonate species [40,51,52,53]. The band at 1295 cm−1 can be attributed to the stretching of the O-COO− bond [39,40]. Similarly, for the [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) system, the new peaks appear at 1627 and 1292 cm−1 after CO2 capture (Figure 4b). Similar peaks can also be observed at 1623 and 1292 cm−1 for the solvent [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) after capture (Figure 4c). Moreover, two new bands at 1626 and 1289 cm−1 can be found as well in the FTIR spectra of [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) after CO2 absorption (Figure 4d). Therefore, the FTIR results also provide evidence that CO2 reacts both with the anion [Pro]− and EG. The full-window FTIR spectra of the solvents before and after CO2 capture are shown in Figures S11–S15.
On the basis of the above findings, the possible reaction mechanism between CO2 and [Ch][Pro]-EG studied is presented in Scheme 2. In the [Ch][Pro]-EG solvent, there is an acid-based reaction between anion [Pro]− and EG, producing the anion HO–CH2–CH2–O−. The amino group of anion [Pro]− may influence the acidity of EG through the interaction between the N atom of an amino group and the H atom of the -OH group, so EG can be deprotonated.
When CO2 is absorbed by [Ch][Pro]-EG solvent, CO2 can react with [Pro]− to form a carbamate acid, and it can also react with HO–CH2–CH2–O− to form carbonate species.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials and Characterizations

Proline (99%) and ethylene glycol (99.5%) were obtained from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China) Choline hydroxide ([Ch][OH], 44% w/w in water) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide ([Et4N][OH]) (25% w/w in water) were purchased from Innochem Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). CO2 (≥99.99%) was provided by Beijing ZG Special Gases Sci. and Tech. Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China).
The 13C NMR spectra were taken on a Bruker spectrometer (151 MHz) using d6-DMSO as the internal reference. The FTIR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer frontier spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory. Ethylene glycol was dried with 4 Å molecular sieve prior to use. The exact concentrations of [Ch][OH] and [Et4N][OH] in aqueous solution were titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The water content in the solvents was determined by Karl–Fischer titration method.

3.2. Synthesis of Proline-Based ILs

For the synthesis of [Ch][Pro], equimolar proline (Pro) was added to the aqueous solution of [Ch][OH] ([Ch][OH]:Pro = 1:1). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, and then water in the solution was removed by using rotary evaporation at 70 °C to obtain the IL [Ch][Pro]. Finally, the IL [Ch][Pro] was dried under vacuum at 70 °C prior to use.
The synthesis of [Et4N][Pro] was similar to that of [Ch][Pro].

3.3. Synthesis of DESs

For the DESs [Ch][Pro]-EG, the IL [Cho][Pro] and ethylene glycol were mixed at desired molar ratios, and then the mixtures were stirred at 70 °C until homogenous liquids were formed, and then liquid solvents were cooled down to room temperature to obtain the DESs. The water contents of the DESs [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2), (1:3), (1:4), and (1:5) were 0.21, 0.18, 0.17, and 0.17 wt%, respectively.
The synthesis of the solvent [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) was similar to those of [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs.
NMR and FTIR data of solvents used in this work:
  • [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2): 13C NMR (151 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ = 178.2, 67.4, 63.2, 62.4, 55.4, 53.4, 47.0, 31.3, 26.1 ppm. FTIR: ν = 3282, 2920, 2866, 1587, 1480, 1378, 1089, 1037, 958, 885, 863, 635 cm−1.
  • [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3): 13C NMR (151 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ = 177.8, 67.3, 63.2, 62.2, 55.4, 53.4, 46.8, 31.1, 26.0 ppm. FTIR: ν = 3283, 2924, 2872, 1587, 1480, 1381, 1086, 1039, 954, 884, 861, 627 cm−1.
  • [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:4): 13C NMR (151 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ = 178.4, 67.5, 63.2, 62.4, 55.5, 53.5, 46.9, 31.3, 26.1 ppm. FTIR: ν = 3285, 2928, 2870, 1587, 1480, 1382, 1087, 1039, 953, 883, 861, 624 cm−1.
  • [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5): 13C NMR (151 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ = 177.9, 67.3, 63.1, 62.2, 55.4, 53.4, 46.8, 31.3, 26.0 ppm. FTIR: ν = 3290, 2932, 2864, 1587, 1480, 1382, 1087, 1038, 954, 884, 861, 623 cm−1.
  • [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3): 13C NMR (151 MHz, d6-DMSO) δ = 178.1, 63.2, 62.4, 51.6, 47.1, 31.3, 26.1, 7.1 ppm. FTIR: ν = 3285, 2922, 2869, 1588, 1457, 1382, 1175, 1092, 1043, 1002, 884, 855, 784, 636 cm−1.

3.4. Absorption of CO2

DESs (~2 g) were added into a glass tube with an inner diameter of 10 mm. CO2 (~50 mL/min) was bubbled into the glass tube, which was partially immersed in a water bath at the required temperature. The amount of CO2 absorbed by solvents can be calculated by the weights of the tube before and after CO2 absorption, which were determined by an electronic balance with an accuracy of ±0.1 mg. The weight of the tube was measured at regular intervals during the absorption process. If the weight of the tube did not change with time, the CO2 absorption by DESs was considered to have reached saturation.

4. Conclusions

The CO2 capture mechanism by DESs consisting of [Ch][Pro] and EG is studied by using NMR and FTIR methods. The NMR and FTIR results reveal that CO2 can react with both the anion [Pro]− and EG. In the solvents, EG can be deprotonated by the amino group of the anion [Pro]−, resulting in the formation of the anion HO–CH2—CH2–O−. During the absorption process, CO2 can react both with the amino group of the anion [Pro]− and the O− of the anion HO–CH2–CH2–O−, forming carbamate acid and carbonate species, respectively. For the [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) solvent, CO2 can also react with both the anion [Pro]− and EG. We think the findings of this work will be useful for understanding the interactions between CO2 and the components of DESs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28145461/s1, Figure S1: The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S2: The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:4) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S3: The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S4: The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S5: The 13C NMR spectra of [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S6: The 1H NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S7: The 1H NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:4) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S8: The 1H NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S9: The 1H NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S10: The 1H NMR spectra of [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) before (a) and after (b) CO2 capture.; Figure S11: The FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) before and after CO2 capture.; Figure S12: The FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:4) before and after CO2 capture.; Figure S13: The FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) before and after CO2 capture.; Figure S14: The FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) before and after CO2 capture.; Figure S15: The FTIR spectra of [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) before and after CO2 capture.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.X.; methodology, M.C. and J.X.; investigation, M.C. and J.X.; data curation, M.C.; writing—original draft preparation, M.C. and J.X.; supervision, J.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 2652019111.

Data Availability Statement

The data are available on request.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the instruments and equipment sharing platform of China University of Geosciences (Beijing).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Not applicable.

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Molecules 28 05461 sch001
Scheme 1. The CO2 capture mechanism by [Ch][Pro]-EG reported in previous work [50] and found in this work.
Scheme 1. The CO2 capture mechanism by [Ch][Pro]-EG reported in previous work [50] and found in this work.
Molecules 28 05461 sch001
Molecules 28 05461 g001
Figure 1. The CO2 capture by [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs at 25 °C and 1.0 atm.
Figure 1. The CO2 capture by [Ch][Pro]-EG DESs at 25 °C and 1.0 atm.
Molecules 28 05461 g001
Molecules 28 05461 g002
Figure 2. The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) (a) and [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) (b) before and after CO2 capture. Letters from a to e are the labels of carbon atoms of the [Pro]− anion with and without CO2. Letter f is the carbonyl carbon attached to the N atom of [Pro]− anion. Letters from a’ to c’ are the lables of carbon atoms of the cation [Ch]+. Numer 1 is the carbon atom of EG. Numbers 2–4 are the carbon atoms of EG-based carbonates.
Figure 2. The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) (a) and [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) (b) before and after CO2 capture. Letters from a to e are the labels of carbon atoms of the [Pro]− anion with and without CO2. Letter f is the carbonyl carbon attached to the N atom of [Pro]− anion. Letters from a’ to c’ are the lables of carbon atoms of the cation [Ch]+. Numer 1 is the carbon atom of EG. Numbers 2–4 are the carbon atoms of EG-based carbonates.
Molecules 28 05461 g002
Molecules 28 05461 g003aMolecules 28 05461 g003b
Figure 3. The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) (a) and [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) (b) before and after CO2 capture. Letters from a to e are the labels of carbon atoms of the [Pro]− anion with and without CO2. Letter f is the carbonyl carbon attached to the N atom of [Pro]− anion. Numer 1 is the carbon atom of EG. Numbers 2–4 are the carbon atoms of EG-based carbonate.
Figure 3. The 13C NMR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) (a) and [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) (b) before and after CO2 capture. Letters from a to e are the labels of carbon atoms of the [Pro]− anion with and without CO2. Letter f is the carbonyl carbon attached to the N atom of [Pro]− anion. Numer 1 is the carbon atom of EG. Numbers 2–4 are the carbon atoms of EG-based carbonate.
Molecules 28 05461 g003aMolecules 28 05461 g003b
Molecules 28 05461 g004
Figure 4. FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) (a), [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) (b), [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) (c), and [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) (d) before and after CO2 absorption.
Figure 4. FTIR spectra of [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:3) (a), [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:5) (b), [Ch][Pro]:EG (1:2) (c), and [Et4N][Pro]:EG (1:3) (d) before and after CO2 absorption.
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Molecules 28 05461 sch002
Scheme 2. The possible CO2 capture mechanism by [Ch][Pro]-EG used in this work.
Scheme 2. The possible CO2 capture mechanism by [Ch][Pro]-EG used in this work.
Molecules 28 05461 sch002
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Chen, M.; Xu, J. CO2 Capture Mechanism by Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Choline Prolinate and Ethylene Glycol. Molecules 2023, 28, 5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145461

AMA Style

Chen M, Xu J. CO2 Capture Mechanism by Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Choline Prolinate and Ethylene Glycol. Molecules. 2023; 28(14):5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145461

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Mingzhe, and Jinming Xu. 2023. "CO2 Capture Mechanism by Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Choline Prolinate and Ethylene Glycol" Molecules 28, no. 14: 5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145461

APA Style

Chen, M., & Xu, J. (2023). CO2 Capture Mechanism by Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed by Choline Prolinate and Ethylene Glycol. Molecules, 28(14), 5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145461

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