Synthesis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Composites of Ag Nanoparticles or AgNO3 and Egg Shell Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of AgNPs
2.2. Ag/ESM Composite Adsorption Optimization, Kinetics, and Equilibrium Behaviour
Kinetic Law | Differential Form * | Analytical Form * |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first order (PFO) [65] | ||
Pseudo-second order (PSO) [65] | ||
Two-phase adsorption (2-PA) [58,59,66,67] | [68] | |
Crank internal mass transfer model (CIMT) [65] | [68] | |
Weber and Morris (W&M) [65,69] | [70] |
Kinetic Law | AgNPs | AgNO3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fitted Parameters | R2/RMSE | Fitted Parameters | R2/RMSE | |
PFO | k1 = 0.339 min−1 | 0.922/0.0316 mg·g−1 | k1 = 0.848 min−1 | 0.990/0.261 mg·g−1 |
PSO | k2 = 0.921 g·mg−1·min−1 | 0.970/0.0196 mg·g−1 | k2 = 0.113 g·mg−1·min−1 | 0.942/0.634 mg·g−1 |
2-PA | kfast = 0.540 min−1 | 0.982/0.0154 mg·g−1 | kfast = kslow = 0.848 min−1 ϕ = N/A | 0.990/0.261 mg·g−1 |
kslow = 0.0297 min−1 | ||||
ϕ = 0.616 | ||||
CIMT | = 0.0111 h−1 | 0.940/0.0278 mg·g−1 | = 0.0565 h−1 De = 1.41 × 10−10 m2·s−1 | 0.963/0.509 mg·g−1 |
De = 2.78 × 10−11 m2·s−1 | ||||
W&M | De1 = 2.78 × 10−11 m2·s−1 | 0.986/0.0133 mg·g−1 | De1 = 1.41 × 10−10 m2·s−1 | 0.989/0.276 mg·g−1 |
De2 = 1.24 × 10−12 m2·s−1 | De2 = 2.80 × 10−14 m2·s−1 | |||
De3 = 0 m2·s−1 | De3 = 0 m2·s−1 |
2.3. Characterization of Ag/ESM Composites
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity of Ag/ESM Composites
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of Eggshell Membranes (ESM)
3.2. Synthesis of AgNPs
3.3. Detection and Characterization of AgNPs
3.4. Production of ESM Composites
3.5. Characterization of ESM Composites
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity of AgNPs, AgNO3, and ESM Composites
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Distribution 1 (Red Peak) | Distribution 2 (Green Peak) | Distribution 3 (Blue Peak) | Total Distribution (Dashed Line/Bars) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% of Total | d50 (nm) Predicted 1 | % of Total | d50 (nm) Predicted 1 | % of Total | d50 (nm) Predicted 1 | d50 (nm) Predicted 1 | Z-Average (nm) Measured 2 |
1.62 | 0.82 | 18.7 | 3.15 | 79.4 | 37.1 | 29.8 | 14.3 |
Isotherm | AgNPs | AgNO3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Linear Form * | Fitted Parameters | R2/RMSE | Fitted Parameters | R2/RMSE | |
Langmuir [65,74,75] | 0.867/ 0.060 mg·g−1 | 0.947/ 0.935 mg·g−1 | |||
Freundlich [75] | 0.884/ 0.067 mg·g−1 | 0.942/ 0.977 mg·g−1 | |||
Element | ESM (Wt%) | AgNO3/ESM (Wt%) | AgNPs/ESM (Wt%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ag | - | 15.68 | 4.87 |
S | 46.42 | 30.52 | 36.05 |
O | 49.97 | 53.19 | 57.62 |
Si | 0.85 | - | - |
Ca | 2.77 | 0.61 | 1.45 |
Species | O_H | N_H | C=O (Amide I) | CN/NH (Amide II) | CN/NH (Amide III) | C_O | C_O Stretching | CH2 Deformation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESM | 3274.36 | 2926.90 | 1637.21 | 1517.58 | 1439.67 | 1235.67 | 1080.33 | 874.94 |
AgNO3/ESM | 3269.37 | 2927.48 | 1637.56 | 1518.81 | 1444.05 | 1235.26 | 1078.68 | 875.19 |
AgNPs/ESM | 3275.56 | 2927.09 | 1638.14 | 1517.33 | 1442.24 | 1235.33 | 1077.26 | 875.50 |
ESM | AgNO3/ESM | AgNPs/ESM | |
---|---|---|---|
O1s | 531.40 and 532.35 | 531.79 and 533.48 | 531.32 and 532.15 |
N1s | 399.76 | 399.86 | 399.70 |
3d Ag0 | - | 368.08 and 374.77 | 367.89 and 373.91 |
3d AgO | - | 364.41 and 370.41 | - |
Ca 2p | 347.22 and 350.80 | 347.19 and 350.75 | 347.21 and 350.78 |
C1s | 284.57, 285.50, 287.75, and 288.57 | 284.56, 285.31, 287.45, and 288.74 | 284.54, 285.11, 287.5, and 288.4 |
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Aina, S.T.; Kyomuhimbo, H.D.; Ramjee, S.; Du Plessis, B.; Mjimba, V.; Maged, A.; Haneklaus, N.; Brink, H.G. Synthesis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Composites of Ag Nanoparticles or AgNO3 and Egg Shell Membranes. Molecules 2023, 28, 4654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124654
Aina ST, Kyomuhimbo HD, Ramjee S, Du Plessis B, Mjimba V, Maged A, Haneklaus N, Brink HG. Synthesis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Composites of Ag Nanoparticles or AgNO3 and Egg Shell Membranes. Molecules. 2023; 28(12):4654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124654
Chicago/Turabian StyleAina, Samuel Tomi, Hilda Dinah Kyomuhimbo, Shatish Ramjee, Barend Du Plessis, Vuyo Mjimba, Ali Maged, Nils Haneklaus, and Hendrik Gideon Brink. 2023. "Synthesis and Assessment of Antimicrobial Composites of Ag Nanoparticles or AgNO3 and Egg Shell Membranes" Molecules 28, no. 12: 4654. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124654