Next Article in Journal
Food Polyphenols and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology and Mechanisms
Next Article in Special Issue
A Workflow Combining Machine Learning with Molecular Simulations Uncovers Potential Dual-Target Inhibitors against BTK and JAK3
Previous Article in Journal
Evaluation of Selected Medicinal, Timber and Ornamental Legume Species’ Seed Oils as Sources of Bioactive Lipophilic Compounds
Previous Article in Special Issue
Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis and In Silico Modelling of 1,2,4-Triazole Coupled Acetamide Derivatives of 2-(4-Isobutyl phenyl)propanoic acid as Potential Anticancer Agents
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 28
Issue 10
10.3390/molecules28103995
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Aminophosphonic Derivatives and Their Antifungal Evaluation against Lomentospora prolificans

by
Zuleyma Martínez-Campos
1,
Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche
2,
Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
3,
Eugenio Hernández-Fernández
1,*,
Efrén Robledo-Leal
4,* and
Susana T. López-Cortina
1,*
1
Laboratorio de Química Industrial, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
2
Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Nuevo León, Mexico
3
Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Mérida 97310, Yucatán, Mexico
4
Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(10), 3995; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103995
Submission received: 23 March 2023 / Revised: 4 May 2023 / Accepted: 5 May 2023 / Published: 10 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From a Molecule to a Drug: Chemical Features Enhancing Pharmacological Potential II)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Lomentospora prolificans is a pathogenic and multidrug-resistant fungus that can infect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, with mortality rates up to 87%. The World Health Organization (WHO) included this fungal species in its first list of 19 priority fungal pathogens, which focused on fungal pathogens that can cause invasive acute and subacute systemic fungal infections. Therefore, there is a growing interest in finding new therapeutic alternatives. In this work, the synthesis of twelve α-aminophosphonates by the microwave-assisted Kabachnik–Fields reaction and twelve α-aminophosphonic acids by a monohydrolysis reaction is reported. All compounds were evaluated by the agar diffusion method as a preliminary screening in comparison with voriconazole, showing inhibition halos for compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27. The five active compounds in the preliminary tests were evaluated against five strains of L. prolificans following protocol M38-A2 from CLSI. The results showed that these compounds exhibit antifungal activity in the concentration range of 900->900 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity against healthy COS-7 cells was also evaluated by the MTT assay, and it was shown that compound 22 was the least cytotoxic, with a viability of 67.91%, comparable to the viability exhibited by voriconazole (68.55%). Docking studies showed that the possible mechanism of action of the active compounds could be through the inhibition of the enzyme lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase in an allosteric hydrophobic cavity.

1. Introduction

Fungal infections affect more than one billion people each year, of which 150 million develop severe symptoms and approximately 1.6 million die [1]. Lomentospora prolificans is a highly virulent filamentous fungus that can cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations [2]. L. prolificans can infect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, the immunocompromised patients being the most susceptible, causing disseminated infections with mortality rates up to 87% [3,4]. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) included this fungal species in its first list of 19 priority fungal pathogens, selected due to their perceived public health importance [5].
Currently, there are three main classes of clinically approved antifungal compounds: azoles, which inhibit ergosterol synthesis (fluconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole), polyenes, which directly target ergosterol in the fungal membrane (some formulations of amphotericin B), and echinocandins, which block β-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall [6]. However, L. prolificans is highly resistant to most available antifungal agents, making infections caused by this fungus difficult to treat [3,7]. In addition, most of the available drugs have high toxicity levels and several side effects, which significantly limit their use [6]. Although great advances have been made in the study of L. prolificans, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic alternatives to treat these infections with less toxic and more selective drugs.
α-aminophosphonates and α-aminophosphonic acids are organic compounds containing one or more C-P(O)(OR)2 or C-P(O)(OH)2 (R = alkyl or aryl) groups and are considered structural analogs of natural α-amino acids, which exhibit a broad pharmacological spectrum, including potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity, among others [8,9,10]. Given these different biological applications, it becomes important to synthesize novel aminophosphonic derivatives. One of the most widely used methodologies for obtaining α-aminophosphonates is the Kabachnik–Fields (KF) reaction, a one-pot tricomponent reaction between a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone), an amine and dialkyl or diaryl phosphite [11,12]. A wide range of catalysts has been employed for this reaction, from simple catalysts to structurally complex ones, some of which are not only expensive but also not environmentally friendly, such as scandium tris(dodecyl sulfate) [13], metal triflates [14,15], InCl3 [16], Ln(OTf)3 [17], SmI2 [18] and AlCl3 [19], among others [20,21,22,23,24]. However, over the years, several authors have reported that the KF reaction proceeds with good yields using biodegradable catalysts [25,26] or even catalyst-free and solvent-free conditions, offering an environmentally friendly reaction. In fact, the microwave (MW) promoted reaction catalyst-free and solvent-free has proven to be a remarkable alternative, given that, compared to conventional heating, it has multiple advantages such as shorter reaction times, high efficiency, cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness [24,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].
Considering this, we report the synthesis of new α-aminophosphonic derivatives by the microwave-assisted Kabachnik–Fields reaction and their antifungal evaluation against five strains of the multidrug-resistant fungus Lomentospora prolificans.
In a previous work reported by our research group [35], a series of α-aminophosphonates and monohydrolyzed α-aminophosphonic acids was evaluated against different strains of the multi-resistant fungi Scedosporium spp. Compound 1 was the most active compound of the series, showing activity in the range of 648.76–700 μg/mL, in comparison to voriconazole, which presented an activity range of 0.44–2.64 μg/mL; it was less active but exhibited lower cytotoxicity. Prior to this work, there have been no reports of aminophosphonic derivatives with antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Scedosporium fungi; thus, we consider the molecules reported in this work as the starting point for the design and synthesis of new α-aminophosphonic derivatives with antifungal potential. It is important to notice that Lomentospora is generally more resistant to antifungal drugs than Scedosporium [36].
Analyzing the scaffold of compound 1, some structural modifications were made in an effort to uncover new structural features that could favor antifungal activity and be a starting point for new antifungal drug discovery. Analyzing the structural features of 1, we hypothesized that maintaining aromatic substituents at R1 and electron-withdrawing groups at R2 could favor the activity (Figure 1a); therefore, in this work, we proposed the inclusion of different aromatic substituents at R1, keeping the ester group at R2, having a nitrile group or leaving it without a substituent (Figure 1b).

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

α-aminophosphonates 5–16 were synthetized by the microwave-assisted Kabachnik–Fields (KF) reaction without a catalyst (Scheme 1), in which the corresponding aldehydes 2a–e, an amine 3a–c and diphenyl phosphite 4 in ethanol were reacted at 80 °C for 10 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC.
Once the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture reached room temperature and the product precipitated (Scheme 2) due to their low solubility in ethanol. Compounds 5–16 were isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with cold diethyl ether.
Products 5, 7–13 and 15–16 were isolated by filtration without any further purification, with good yields (42–85%). However, compounds 6 and 14 were obtained in low yields when the proposed reaction conditions were followed; the reason for this may be because 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 2d is a very unstable compound [37], which favored the formation of undesirable by-products. For this reason, it was necessary to synthesize the aminophosphonates 6 and 14 through another methodology. Therefore, the KF reaction was carried out between 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 2d, diphenyl phosphite 4 and the corresponding amines 3b,c using vortex mixing (Scheme 3) [35]. Remarkably, there was an increase in the yields of compounds 6 and 14 from 11% and 29%, to 87% and 81%, respectively. All the spectra of synthesized aminophosphonates are supplied in the Supplementary Materials.
It is important to note that, in this work, it was not possible to carry out the KF reaction without a solvent due to the heterogeneity of the components. Some authors have suggested using water as a green alternative; however, it is common that the organic components are not water-soluble, which may limit its use [25,38,39,40]. Furthermore, Mu et al. reported a study in which ethanol was used as a solvent under conventional heating conditions; however, the reaction did not proceed, and without the solvent, the reaction time was 2 h [24]. Furthermore, Keglevich et al. studied the microwave-assisted KF reaction with different solvents and concluded that, among the investigated solvents, ethanol proved to be the most efficient, with good yields, but in comparison with the results observed in this work, the reaction time was 25 min, and it was necessary to use an excess of the phosphorous compound [33], while in this work, the reaction time under microwave irradiation was only 10 min, it was not necessary to use a large excess of the phosphorate compound and, as mentioned above, the aminophosphonates had the advantage of crystallizing in ethanol; therefore, it was not necessary to use column chromatography to purify them.
The next step in the synthesis involved basic monohydrolysis of the α-aminophosphonates 5–16 using potassium carbonate by microwave irradiation, in an ethanol/water mixture (3:1) as the reaction medium (Scheme 4). The reaction mixture was heated at 140 °C for 20 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, and the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure. The reaction crude product was purified by column chromatography in a gradient system, starting with ethyl acetate to remove the less polar impurities and ending with methanol/ethyl acetate (1:1) to obtain the monoacids as pure solids.
It is noteworthy that the hydrolysis reaction proceeded by selectively hydrolyzing one of the -O-phenyl substituents on the phosphonate group, which was confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, where the observed signals agreed with the expected ones for compounds 17–28 (Table 1). Potassium carbonate and water reacted to form a catalytic number of hydroxide ions, which are the species responsible for promoting the specific monohydrolysis reaction [35]. All the spectra of synthesized aminophosphonic acids are supplied in the Supplementary Materials.
Monoacids 18 and 25 were not obtained at 140 °C for 20 min because the α-aminophosphonates 6 and 14 are unstable at high temperatures. Therefore, to obtain these monoacids, the microwave reaction time was decreased from 20 min to 10 min, favoring the formation of 18 and 25 with yields of 37% and 67%, respectively.
The structures of the compounds 5–28 were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, as well as high-resolution mass spectroscopy. It is important to point out some specific coupling constants (JH-P and JC-P), which were some of the key points in corroborating the union of the three components of the KF reaction (Table 1). In 1H NMR, the characteristic hydrogen-phosphorus coupling constants were observed for both the α-aminophosphonates 5–16 and the corresponding monoacids 17–28, ranging between 20 and 26 Hz. On the other hand, characteristic C-P coupling constants corresponding to the C-P bond (between 138 and 164 Hz) were observed in 13C NMR for each of the α-aminophosphonates and α-aminophosphonic acids.

2.2. In Vitro Assays

Compounds 5–28 underwent biological testing to determine whether any of the compounds could inhibit the growth of different multidrug-resistant strains of L. prolificans.
The in vitro susceptibility of the 24 synthesized compounds described above was preliminarily evaluated by the agar diffusion method against Lomentospora strains 11-2242, 10-1167 and 09-1125; this method is based on the visual evaluation of the diameter of the growth inhibition zones. For this purpose, agar plates were inoculated with an inoculum of strains (11-2242), (10-1167) and (09-1125). Then, filter paper discs (5 mm in diameter) containing the test compounds at a concentration of 1 mg/mL were placed on the agar surface. Subsequently, the Petri dishes were incubated for 72 h. For this experiment, voriconazole (VRC) was used as a positive control, and it was observed that α-aminophosphonates 5, 6, 8–10, 12, 14 and 15 did not inhibit the growth of any of the L. prolificans strains tested, and only compounds 7, 11 and 13 exhibited inhibition halos. On the other hand, within the series of α-aminophosphonic acids, compounds 22 and 27 also showed inhibition halos.

2.3. Antifungal Activity Evaluation (M38-A2 Protocol)

Compounds that exhibited inhibition halos in the preliminary assay (7, 11, 13, 22 and 27) were evaluated against five strains of L. prolificans (11-2242, 05-21909, 10-1167, 13-196 and 09-1125) at different concentrations using the M38-A2 protocol, which challenges different concentrations of the drugs against a standard inoculum, visually registering changes in the fungal growth at 48 and 72 h of incubation. The drug concentration range was 600 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL. The MIC100 are shown in Table 2, and these were determined for compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 and antifungal VRC. It was observed that the compounds inhibited the growth of the five strains tested at concentrations of 900 μg/mL, while voriconazole inhibited growth at concentrations of 16 μg/mL.

2.4. Molecular Docking

Voriconazole acts by inhibiting lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase (PDB ID: 5HS1), a protein involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, the main target of azole antifungal drugs [41]. Based on this, and given that VRC has been used as a control in the present study, it is proposed that active compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 could exert their antifungal action through a similar mechanism of action; therefore, molecular docking studies were carried out to support this hypothesis.
The methodology for the validation of the active site of the lanosterol-14α-demethylase protein (PDB ID: 5HS1) was performed and described in a previous work by Cordero-Díaz et al. [35] where validation was performed with the native co-crystallized ligand Voriconazole, with an RMSD of less than 2.5 Å. The Autodock-Vina program (https://vina.scripps.edu/; accessed on 15 January 2023) was used to predict molecular docking [42,43], using 1000 modes, 1000 exhaustiveness and 10 replicates for each one, selecting the lowest energy value [35,44]. All figures were visualized with Pymol (Schrödinger, San Diego, CA, USA; http://www.pymol.org/; accessed on 15 December 2022) and Discovery Studio Visualizer 4.5 software.
Molecular docking studies showed that compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 interact with the lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase protein in an allosteric hydrophobic cavity. In analyzing the docking results, it should be noticed that the active compounds 7, 11 and 27 share the substituent at R1, which consists of an aromatic ring 4-aminoalkyl substituted. Both 4-dimethylamino and 4-diethylamino substituents are electro-donating groups that could concentrate the electron density in the aromatic ring, favoring different types of interactions. In this context, compound 7 displayed π-anion and π-alkyl interactions with Asp233 and Pro201, respectively (Figure 2a). Compound 27 presented π-sigma and π-alkyl interactions with Leu96 and Ala69, respectively (Figure 2e), and a π-alkyl interaction with Ile205 was observed for compound 11 (Figure 2b).
In the case of compounds 13 and 22, even though the chain length supporting the phenyl group at R1 was increased, the in vitro inhibitory activity was preserved. The additional double bond containing a π bond did not favor additional interactions with the therapeutic target in this part of the molecule, but the aromatic ring interacted with a greater number of amino acids in this position. For compound 13, interactions with Ala320, His317, Pro201 and Leu512 were observed (Figure 2c), while compound 22 showed interactions with Leu95, Phe241, Phe384 and Met509 (Figure 2d).
On the other hand, it was observed that electro-withdrawing groups at the R2 position favor a higher number of hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic ring. As shown in Figure 2a, compound 7 interacts with Ile205, Tyr229, Ile309, Leu232 and Met313, compound 13 interacts with Met313, Tyr229, Ser230 and Pro201 (Figure 2c) and compound 27 interacts with Leu96, Ala69, Val70 and Val66 (Figure 2e), and fewer interactions were observed for compounds 11 and 22 (without a substituent in the R2 position), which just showed interactions with Ala226 and Ile 205 and Ala69 and Leu96, respectively (Figure 2b,d).
Finally, it was observed that the less sterically hindered aminophosphonic acids 22 and 27 interact with the protein in a different region from the proposed active site, while compounds that are more sterically hindered, such as aminophosphonates 7, 11 and 13, remained at the proposed active site. Interestingly, as the size of the substitution in the phosphonate group decreases, the ligand interacts in a region of the protein that is not the proposed active site.
Based on the previous analysis, it is recommended to consider some structural features in the design of future aminophosphonates and aminophosphonic acid derivatives. In the case of R1, it is important to include para-substituted phenyl rings with electro-donating groups. In addition, the R1 with higher steric hindrance, at least in the molecular docking, is relevant to remain in the proposed active site. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing substituents at R2 could favor a greater number of interactions with the biological target, and it is important to preserve the phosphonate group (Scheme 5).

2.5. Cytotoxicity

In order to compare the cytotoxicity at high concentrations of the active compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 compared to VRC, cytotoxicity studies were performed using the MTT test in COS-7 cells at a concentration of 1000 µM (Table 3). In this study, compound 22 was found to be the least cytotoxic, with a viability of 67.91%, comparable to the viability exhibited by VRC: 68.55%.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates 5–16

In a 10 mL microwave (Anton Paar Monowave 300) vial with a magnetic stirrer, 1 eq. of the corresponding aldehyde 2a–e, 1 eq. of the corresponding amine 3a–c, 1.1 eq. of diphenyl phosphite 4 and 3 mL of absolute ethanol were added. The vial was placed in the microwave cavity, and the mixture reacted at 80 °C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature to induce the precipitation of the product, which was isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with cold diethyl ether. This method was used for the synthesis of all the following molecules.
  • (E)-ethyl 4-((1-(diphenoxyphosphoryl)-3-phenylallyl)amino)benzoate (5)
The desired aminophosphonate 5 was obtained from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 3b (0.5 g, 3.03 mmol), cinnamaldehyde 2c (0.4 g, 3.03 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.78 g, 3.3 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (1.18 g, 76%), mp 129–132 °C, 1H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.9 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.32–7.22 (m, 9H, CHarom), 7.18 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.16–7.12 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.09 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.68 (dd, J = 16.1 Hz, 5.1 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 6.69 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.35 (dt, J = 15.8 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 4.97 (s, 1H, NH), 4.92 (dd, J = 25.9 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.32 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H, CH2), 1.36 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 166.6, 150.2 (d, JC-P = 7.1 Hz), 150.1 (d, JC-P = 7.1 Hz), 149.9 (d, JC-P = 11.4 Hz),149.8 (d, JC-P = 11.5 Hz) 135.7 (d, JC-P = 3.2 Hz), 134.5, 134.4, 131.5, 129.9, 129.8, 128.6, 128.2, 126.7, 125.5, 121.2 (d, JC-P = 3.6 Hz), 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 120.5 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 112.7, 60.4, 53.3 (d, JC-P = 156.3 Hz), 14.4.31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 14.1. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C30H29NO5P [M + H]+ 514.1783; found 514.1766.
  • (E)-ethyl 4-((3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(diphenoxyphosphoryl)allyl)amino) benzoate (6)
The desired aminophosphonate 6 was obtained from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 3b (0.5 g, 3.03 mmol), 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 2d (0.53 g, 3.03 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.78 g, 3.3 mmol) as a yellow solid (1.46 g, 87%), mp 119–121 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.89 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.31–7.24 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.22 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.18–7.12 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.09 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.71–6.65 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.63 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.08 (dt, J = 15.8 Hz, 5.8 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 4.91–4.79 (m, 2H, CH-P, NH), 4.32 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 2.95 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 1.36 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR (176 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 166.6, 150.3, 150.2 (t, JC-P = 9.5 Hz), 150.0 (d, JC-P = 11.5 Hz), 134.6 (d, JC-P = 13.3 Hz), 131.5, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 128.7, 127.8, 125.4 (d, JC-P = 3.2 Hz), 120.62 (d, JC-P = 10.9 Hz), 120.6 (d, JC-P = 2.6 Hz), 120.4, 116.2, 115.3, 112.7, 112.3, 60.3, 53.6 (d, JC-P = 157.1 Hz),40.5, 14.4. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 14.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C32H34N2O5P [M + H]+ 557.2205; found 557.2189.
  • Ethyl 4-(((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)(diphenoxyphosphoryl)methyl)amino)benzoate (7)
The desired aminophosphonate 7 was obtained from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 3b (0.32 g, 1.94 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde 2a (0.29 g, 1.94 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol) as a yellow solid (0.83 g, 81%), mp 154–156 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.82 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.36 (dd, J = 8.6 Hz, 2.03 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.28–7.23 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.22–7.17 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.16–12 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.11–7.09 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.08–7.056(m, 2H, CHarom), 6.86 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.63 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.35–5.26 (m, 1H, NH), 5.1 (dd, J = 23.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.29 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 2.91 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 166.6, 150.7, 150.4 (d, JC-P = 9.9 Hz), 150.3 (d, JC-P = 9.9 Hz), 150.0 (d, JC-P = 14.1 Hz), 131.4, 129.7, 129.6, 129.0 (d, JC-P = 6.1 Hz), 125.4, 125.2, 121.0, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 4.0 Hz), 120.5 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 120.2, 112.9, 112.7, 60.3, 54.9 (d, JC-P = 157.1 Hz), 40.4, 14.4. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 14. 9. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C30H32N2O5P [M + H]+ 531.2049; found 531.2076.
  • Ethyl 4-(((4-(diethylamino)phenyl)(diphenoxyphosphoryl)methyl)amino)benzoate (8)
The desired aminophosphonate 8 was obtained from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 3b (0.32 g, 1.94 mmol), 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde 2b (0.34 g, 1.94 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol) as a white solid (0.75 g, 70%), mp 139–141 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.31 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.28–7.23 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.20–7.16 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.16–7.12 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.1–7.05 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.82 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.65 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.34 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, NH), 5.08 (dd, J = 23.3 Hz, 8.5 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.29 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H, CH2CH3), 3.31 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 4H, N(CH2CH3)2), 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH2CH3), 1.12 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H, N(CH2CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 166.8, 150.5 (d, JC-P = 6.7 Hz), 150.4 (d, JC-P = 6.2 Hz), 150.18 (d, JC-P = 14.0 Hz), 148.01 (d, JC-P = 2.0 Hz), 131.4, 129.8, 129.6, 129.3 (d, JC-P = 6.2 Hz), 125.5, 125.2, 120.8 (d, JC-P = 4.0 Hz), 120.5 (d, JC-P = 4.15 Hz), 120.19, 119.5, 112.9, 112.0, 60.4, 54.9 (d, JC-P = 157.5 Hz), 44.4, 14.5, 12.6. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 15.32. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C32H36N2O5P [M + H]+ 559.2362; found 559.2331.
  • Ethyl 4-(((diphenoxyphosphoryl)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)benzoate (9)
The desired aminophosphonate 9 was obtained from ethyl 4-aminobenzoate 3b (0.32 g, 1.94 mmol), 2-thiopenecarboxaldehyde 2e (0.22 g, 1.94 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol) as a white solid (0.40 g, 42%), mp 99–102 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.87 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.29–7.22 (m, 6H, CHarom), 7.18–7.12 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.07 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.99–6.96 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.95 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.49 (dd, J = 24.0, 8.3 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 5.34–5.25 (m, 1H, NH), 4.31 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2CH3), 1.35 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH2CH3).13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 166.6, 150.3 (d, JC-P = 9.3 Hz), 150.2 (d, JC-P = 9.3 Hz), 149.5 (d, JC-P = 12.6 Hz), 137.5, 131.6, 129.9 (d, JC-P = 7.8 Hz), 127.6 (d, JC-P = 2.8 Hz), 127.5, 127.4, 126.3 (d, JC-P = 3.8 Hz), 125.7, 125.6, 121.1, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 4.0 Hz), 120.4 (d, JC-P = 4.4 Hz), 113.0, 60.5, 51.3 (d, JC-P = 162.6 Hz), 14.5.31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 12.5. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C26H25NO5PS [M + H]+ 494.1191; found 494.1171.
  • (E)-diphenyl (3-phenyl-1-(phenylamino)allyl)phosphonate (10)
The desired aminophosphonate 10 was obtained from aniline 3a (0.18 g, 1.94 mmol), cinnamaldehyde 2c (0.25 g, 1.94 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.62 g, 73%), mp 119–122 °C, 1H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.34–7.3 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.3–7.21 (m, 17H, CHarom), 7.21–7.09 (m, 8H, CHarom),6.84–6.76 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.74–6.64 (m, 2H, CHarom, CHvinylic), 6.36 (d, J = 16.4 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 4.85 (dd, J = 26.1 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 1H, CH-P).13C NMR (176 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.4 (d, JC-P = 9.9 Hz), 150.3 (d, JC-P = 9.7 Hz), 146.1 (d, JC-P = 12.4 Hz), 136.0 (d, JC-P = 3.1 Hz), 134.2, 134.1, 129.8, 129.7, 129.4, 128.5, 128.1, 126.7, 125.4, 122.3 (d, JC-P = 3.3 Hz), 120.7 (d, JC-P = 4.0 Hz), 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 119.0, 113.9, 54.1 (d, JC-P = 155.7 Hz).31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 14.8. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C27H25NO3P [M + H]+ 442.1572; found 442.1515.
  • Diphenyl ((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)(phenylamino)methyl)phosphonate (11)
The desired aminophosphonate 11 was obtained from aniline 3a (0.18 g, 1.94 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde 2a (0.29 g, 1.94 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.13 mmol) as a yellow solid (0.4 g, 45%), mp 116–120 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.4–7.35 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.28–7.23 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.22–7.18 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.15–7.06 (m, 6H, CHarom), 6.88 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.73–6.67 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.66 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.06 (d, J = 23.7 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 2.91 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.6, 150.6 (d, JC-P = 6.6 Hz), 150.5 (d, JC-P = 10.0 Hz), 146.3 (d, JC-P = 15.4 Hz), 129.7, 129.7, 129.3, 129.1 (d, JC-P = 6.3 Hz), 125.3, 125.2, 121.8, 120.9 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 118.7, 114.2, 112.8 (d, JC-P = 2.1 Hz), 55.5 (d, JC-P = 156.7 Hz), 40.63. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 15.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C27H28N2O3P [M + H]+ 459.1838; found 459.1801.
  • Diphenyl ((phenylamino)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phosphonate (12)
The desired aminophosphonate 12 was obtained from aniline 3a (0.5 g, 5.36 mmol), 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2e (0.6 g, 5.36 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (1.38 g, 5.9 mmol) as a white solid (1.92 g, 85%), mp 134–136 °C, 1H NMR (700 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.5–7.47 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.4–7.37 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.36–7.31 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.2–7.16 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.11–7.07 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.04–7.02 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.99–6.94 (m, 4H, CHarom), 6.66–6.60 (m, 2H, CHarom), 5.93 (dd, J = 25.1 Hz, 10.2 Hz, 1H, CH-P). 13C NMR (176 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 150.1 (d, JC-P = 10.1 Hz), 1450.0 (d, JC-P = 10.0 Hz), 146.8 (d, JC-P = 13.3 Hz), 138.7, 129.8 (d, JC-P = 13.4 Hz), 128.8, 127.6 (d, JC-P = 7.7 Hz), 126.9 (d, JC-P = 2.0 Hz), 126.35 (d, JC-P = 3.3 Hz), 125.3, 120.6 (d, JC-P = 3.7 Hz), 120.4 (d, JC-P = 3.8 Hz), 117.6, 113.8, 50.5 (d, JC-P = 164.3 Hz). 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 19.6. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C23H21NO3PS [M + H]+ 422.0980; found 422.0954.
  • (E)-diphenyl (1-((4-cyanophenyl)amino)-3-phenyl allyl)phosphonate (13)
The desired aminophosphonate 13 was obtained from 4-aminobenzonitrile 3c (0.23 g, 1.95 mmol), cinnamaldehyde 2c (0.26 g, 1.95 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.14 mmol) as a white solid (0.71 g, 77%), mp 160–163 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.41 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.32–7.23 (m, 9H, CHarom), 7.20–7.13 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.07 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.77 (dd, J = 15.9 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 6.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.31 (dt, J = 15.9 Hz, 5.7 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 5.37–5.29 (m, 1H, NH), 4.87 (dt, J = 25.4 Hz, 6.7 Hz, 1H, CH-P). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.2 (d, JC-P = 9.9 Hz), 149.6 (d, JC-P = 11.4 Hz), 135.6 (d, JC-P = 2.9 Hz), 134.9, 134.8, 133.9, 130.1, 130.0, 128.8, 128.6, 126.8, (d, JC-P = 1.8 Hz), 125.8, 120.8, 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.3 Hz), 120.1, 113.5, 100.9, 53.3 (d, JC-P = 156.8 Hz).31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 13.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C28H24N2O3P [M + H]+ 467.1525; found 467.1496.
  • (E)-diphenyl(1-((4-cyanophenyl)amino)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allyl)phosphonate (14)
The desired aminophosphonate 14 was obtained from 4-aminobenzonitrile 3c (0.16 g, 1.35 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde 2d (0.2 g, 1.35 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.35 g, 1.49 mmol) as a purple solid (0.55 g, 81%), mp 150–154 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.44 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.31–7.25 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.21 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.19–7.13 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.09 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.71–6.61 (m, 5H, CHarom), 6.05 (dt, J = 15.8 Hz, 12.3 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 4.98 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, NH), 4.82 (dt, J = 24.4 Hz, 7.4 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 2.96 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.6, 150.2 (d, JC-P = 12.2 Hz), 149.6 (d, JC-P = 11.4 Hz), 135.1, 135.0, 133.7, 129.9, 129.8, 127.8, 125.6, 125.5, 123.7, 120.6 (d, JC-P = 3.4 Hz), 120.5 (d, JC-P = 3.6 Hz), 119.9, 115.4 (d, JC-P = 3.8 Hz), 113.5, 112.1, 100.7, 53.4 (d, JC-P = 157.5 Hz), 40.3. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 10.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C30H29N3O3P [M + H]+ 510.1947; found 510.1939.
  • Diphenyl (((4-cyanophenyl)amino)(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methyl)phosphonate (15)
The desired aminophosphonate 15 was obtained from 4-aminobenzonitrile 3c (0.22 g, 1.86 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde 2a (0.28 g, 1.86 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.06 mmol) as a yellow solid (0.76 g, 85%), mp 165–168 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.37–7.34 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.32 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.28–7.24 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.21–7.17 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.17–7.13 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.12–7.07 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.65 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.6 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.86 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, NH), 5.05 (dd, J = 23.7 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 2.92 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.7, 150.2 (d, JC-P = 5.5 Hz), 150.2 (d, JC-P = 5.1 Hz), 149.8 (d, JC-P = 14.5 Hz), 133.5, 129.8, 129.6, 129.0 (d, JC-P = 6.1 Hz), 125. 5, 125.2, 120.6 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 120.4 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 120.3, 120.1, 113.5, 112.6, 100.1, 54.6 (d, JC-P = 157.9 Hz), 40.4. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 11.4. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C28H27N3O3P [M + H]+ 484.1790; found 484.1794.
  • Diphenyl (((4-cyanophenyl)amino)(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)methyl)phosphonate (16)
The desired aminophosphonate 16 was obtained from 4-aminobenzonitrile 3c (0.22 g, 1.86 mmol), 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde 2b (0.34 g, 1.86 mmol) and diphenyl phosphite 4 (0.5 g, 2.06 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.67, 68%), mp 168–171 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 7.32 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H, CHarom), 7.28–7.23 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.19–7.12 (m, 3H, CHarom), 7.12–7.07 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.61 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.92 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, NH), 5.04 (dd, J = 23.4 Hz, 8.6 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 3.31 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 4H, N(CH2CH3)2), 1.1 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H, N(CH2CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 150.4 (d, JC-P = 5.9 Hz), 150.3 (d, JC-P = 6.2 Hz), 149.9 (d, JC-P = 14.2 Hz), 148.1, 133.6, 129.9, 129.6, 129.4 (d, JC-P = 6.2 Hz), 125.5, 125.3, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 120.5 (d, JC-P = 4.3 Hz), 120.3, 119.1, 113.6, 112.0, 100.1, 54.8 (d, JC-P = 158.1 Hz), 44.4, 12.6. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CDCl3) δ(ppm): 11.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C30H31N3O3P [M + H]+ 512.2103; found 512.2077.

3.2. Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonic Acids 17–28

In a 30 mL microwave (Anton Paar Monowave 300) vial with a magnetic stirrer, 1 eq. of the corresponding α-aminophosphonate 5–16, 1.1 eq. of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and 3 mL of an ethanol/water mixture (3:1) were added. The vial was placed in the microwave cavity and reacted at 140 °C for 20 min. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the product was purified by column chromatography with AcOEt/MeOH (3:1). This method was used for the synthesis of all the following molecules.
  • (E)-ethyl 4-((1-(hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-3-phenylallyl)amino)benzoate (17)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 17 was obtained from compound 5 (0.5 g, 0.97 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.15 g, 1.1 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.13 g, 30%), mp 220–223 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.6 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.29–7.21 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.20–7.12 (m, 5H, CHarom, CHvinylic), 6.98–6.93 (m, 1H, CHvinylic), 6.66 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.47–6.40 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.28 (s, 1H, NH), 4.28 (d, J = 24.6 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.17 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H, CH2CH3), 1.24 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH2CH3). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 165.9, 153.4 (d, JC-P = 5.3 Hz), 152.3 (d, JC-P = 11.3 Hz), 137.0, 130.7, 128.9, 128.7, 128.5, 128.0 (d, JC-P = 8.8 Hz), 127.0, 126.0, 122.4, 120.8 (d, JC-P = 3.7 Hz), 116.4, 111.8, 59.5, 53.9 (d, JC-P = 143.0 Hz), 14.38. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.7. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C24H25NO5P [M + H]+ 438.1470; found 438.1445.
  • (E)-ethyl 4-((3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-(hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl)allyl) amino)benzoate (18)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 18 was obtained from compound 6 (0.4 g, 0.72 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.11 g, 0.79 mmol) as a red solid (0.12 g 37%), mp 316–320 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.39–7.17 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.79 (m, 4H, CHarom, CHvinylic), 6.65–6.56 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.31–6.17 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.01–5.75 (m, 3H, CHarom, CHvinylic). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 165.9, 153.5 (d, JC-P = 9.7 Hz), 152.5 (d, JC-P = 11.2 Hz), 149.5, 131.1, 130.7, 128.9, 126.9, 125.3 (d, JC-P = 2.5 Hz), 122.9, 122.2, 120.8, 116.1, 112.7, 112.2, 59.5, 53.9 (d, JC-P = 140.9 Hz), 40.1, 14.4. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 9.31. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C26H30N2O5P [M + H]+481.1892, found 481.1870.
  • Ethyl 4-(((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)(hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)amino)benzoate (19)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 19 was obtained from compound 7 (0.3 g, 0.56 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.085 g, 0.62 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.12 g, 45%), mp 210–214 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.19–7.12 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.02 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.93–6.87 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.58 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.53 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.4–6.34 (m, 1H, NH), 4.31 (dd, J = 21.3 Hz, 6.2 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.16 (q, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H, CH2CH3), 2.81 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 1.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H, CH2CH3). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 165.9, 152.5, 152.4, 149.1, 130.6, 128.7, 128.4 (d, JC-P = 4. 3 Hz), 127.9, 121.6, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 3.7 Hz), 115.9, 112.1, 111.7, 59.5, 55.1 (d, JC-P = 138.4 Hz), 40.5, 14.4. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.9. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C24H28N2O5 [M + H]+ 455.1736; found 455.1707.
  • Ethyl 4-(((4-(diethylamino)phenyl)(hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)amino) benzoate (20)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 20 was obtained from compound 8 (0.3 g, 0.54 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.082 g, 0.59 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.12 g, 45%), mp 218–220 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.55–748 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.17–7.07 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.01–6.93 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.91–6.84 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.54–6.47 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.46 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.4–6.36 (m, 1H, NH), 4.29 (d, J = 20.6 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.12 (m, 3H,-OH, CH2CH3), 3.21 (m, 4H, N(CH2CH3)2), 1.2 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H, CH2CH3), 0.98 (m, 6H, N(CH2CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 167.0, 152.4 (d, JC-P = 3.3 Hz), 145.9, 131.7, 131.6, 131.1, 130.6, 126.2 (d, JC-P = 4.0 Hz), 121.7, 120.7, 115.9, 112.7, 112.4 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 59.4, 55.0 (d, JC-P = 140.0 Hz), 43.7, 14.4, 12.6. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 8.6. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C26H32N2O5P [M + H]+ 483.2049; found 483.2028
  • Ethyl 4-(((hydroxy(phenoxy)phosphoryl)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)benzoate (21)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 21 was obtained from compound 9 (0.2 g, 0.41 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.062 g, 0.44 mmol) as a pale yellow solid (0.13 g, 76%), mp 232–236 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.72 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, CHarom), 7.37–7.3 (m, 3H, CHarom), 7.23 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.18–7.11 (m, 3H, CHarom), 7.09–7.06 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.96 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, CHarom), 6.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, CHarom), 6.11 (t, J = 6.2 H, 1H, NH), 5.31 (dt, J = 21.2 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 4.21 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH2CH3), 1.27 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H, CH2CH3). 13C NMR (176 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 165. 7, 151.3 (d, JC-P = 7.4 Hz), 150.1 (d, JC-P = 3.2 Hz), 133.7 (d, JC-P = 13.6 Hz), 131.0, 130.7, 129.9 (d, JC-P = 17.3 Hz), 127.4, 120.6 (d, JC-P = 3.6 Hz), 117.7, 115.2, 112.38, 112.21, 59.7, 52.8 (d, JC-P = 157.7 Hz), 14.35. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.86. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C20H21NO5PS [M + H]+ 418.0878; found 418.0870.
  • (E)-phenyl hydrogen (3-phenyl-1-(phenylamino)allyl)phosphonate (22)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 22 was obtained from compound 10 (0.3 g, 0.68 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.1 g, 0.75 mmol) as a brown solid (0.1 g, 42%), mp 240–243 °C, 1H NMR (700 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.29 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.21–7.12 (m, 5H, CHarom) 7.01–6.92 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.6–6.54 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.52–6.54 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.45–6.41(m, 2H, CHarom) 5.29 (s, 1H, NH), 4.16 (d, J = 23.39 Hz, 1H, CH-P). 13C NMR (176 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.5, 148.2 (d, JC-P = 12.1 Hz), 137.2, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7, 128.4, 128.2, 126.8, 126.0, 122.3, 120.9 (d, JC-P = 3.5 Hz), 115.9, 112.7, 54.5 (d, JC-P = 142.8 Hz). 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 14.3. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C21H21NO3P [M + H]+ 366.1259; found 366.1266.
  • Phenyl hydrogen ((phenylamino)(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phosphonate (23)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 23 was obtained from compound 12 (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.18 g, 1.3 mmol) as a white solid (0.26 g, 64%), mp 240–244 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.21–7.12 (m, 3H, CHarom), 7.08–7.02 (m, 3H, CHarom), 7.01–6.96 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.96–6.91 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.88–6.83 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.56 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.53–6.48 (m, 1H, CHarom), 5.6–5-52 (m, 1H, NH), 4.68 (dd, J = 23.6 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 1H, CH-P). 13C NMR (176 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.6 (d, JC-P = 5.9 Hz), 148.0 (d, JC-P = 11.9 Hz), 145.4, 128.8, 128.7, 126.3, 124.6, 123.3, 122.1, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 3.4 Hz) 116.4, 112.9, 52.7 (d, JC-P = 144.0 Hz). 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 9.2 HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C17H17NO3PS [M + H]+ 346.0667; found 346.0642.
  • (E)-phenyl hydrogen (1-((4-cyanophenyl)amino)-3-phenylallyl)phosphonate (24)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 24 was obtained from compound 13 (0.3 g, 0.64 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.097 g, 0.71 mmol) as a yellow solid (0.1 g, 41%), mp 290–294 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.36–7.30 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.29–7.21 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.20–7.12 (m, 4H, CHarom), 6.98–6.94 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.72 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.65–6.54 (m, 1H, CHarom) 6.47–6.38 (m, 2H, CHarom), 4.25 (d, J = 24.3 Hz, 1H, CH-P). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.4 (d, JC-P = 7.2 Hz), 151.9 (d, JC-P = 10.9 Hz), 136.9 (d, JC-P = 2.1 Hz), 133.1, 128.9, 128.6, 128.5, 127.8, 127.0, 126.0, 122.3, 120.8 (d, JC-P = 3.8 Hz), 120.6, 112.6, 95.7, 53.8 (d, JC-P = 142.4 Hz). 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 8.1 HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C22H20N2O3P [M + H]+ 391.1212; found 391.1206.
  • (E)-phenyl hydrogen (1-((4-cyanophenyl)amino)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)allyl) phosphonate (25)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 25 was obtained from compound 14 (0.18 g, 0.35 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.054 g, 0.38 mmol) as a yellow solid (0.1 g, 67%), mp 270–273 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.21–7.15 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.14–7.08 (m, 4H, CHarom), 6.98–6.93 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.7 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.59 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.48 (s, 1H, NH), 6.29 (dd, J = 16.2 Hz, 3.9 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 6.13 (dd, J = 15.7 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H, CHvinylic), 4.17 (dt, J = 24.2 Hz, 7.9 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 2.85 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.5, 152.0 (d, JC-P = 10.6 Hz), 149.5, 133.0, 128.9, 126.9, 125.1, 122.5, 122.2, 120.8 (d, JC-P = 3.7 Hz), 120.7, 112.6, 112.6, 112.2, 95.5, 53.8 (d, JC-P = 143.3 Hz), 39.9. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 9.1. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C24H25N3O3P [M + H]+ 434.1634; found 434.1619.
  • Phenyl hydrogen (((4-cyanophenyl)amino)(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methyl)phosphonate (26)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 26 was obtained from compound 15 (0.3 g, 0.62 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.094 g, 0.68 mmol) as a white solid (0.2 g, 75%), mp 258–261 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, CD3OD/DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.3 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.22–7.12 (m, 4H, CHarom), 7.03–6.97 (m, 2H, CHarom), 6.95–6.89 (m, 1H, CHarom), 6.62–6.52 (m, 4H, CHarom), 4.36 (d, J = 22.0 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 2.81 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CD3OD/DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.9 (d, JC-P = 7.3 Hz), 151.9 (d, JC-P = 12.9 Hz), 149.5, 133.2, 129.0, 128.7 (d, JC-P = 4.2 Hz), 127.0, 122.2, 120.9 (d, JC-P = 3.5 Hz), 120.8, 112.8, 112.3, 96.0, 55.1 (d, JC-P = 142.1 Hz), 40.5. 31P NMR (243 MHz, CD3OD/DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.5. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C22H23N3O3P [M + H]+ 408.1477; found 408.1452.
  • Phenyl hydrogen (((4-cyanophenyl)amino)(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)methyl) phosphonate (27)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 27 was obtained from compound 16 (0.15 g, 0.29 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.044 g, 0.32 mmol) as a brown solid (0.079 g, 62%), mp 248–250 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.98 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.87 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.85–7.80 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.63–7.58 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.33–7.26 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.16 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 5.03 (dd, J = 22.1 Hz, 7.3 Hz, 1H, CH-P), 3.93 (q, J = 6.7 Hz, 4H, N(CH2CH3)2), 1.72 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H, N(CH2CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 153.7 (d, JC-P = 8.0 Hz), 152.0 (d, JC-P = 12.7 Hz), 146.0, 132.93, 128.9 (d, JC-P = 4.1 Hz), 128.7, 125.6, 121.9, 120.8, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 3.7 Hz), 112.7, 111.0, 95.3, 55.0 (d, JC-P = 143.3 Hz), 43.6, 12.6. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.46. HRMS (ESI+) m/z, calcd. for C24H27N3O3P [M + H]+ 436.1790; found 436.1772.
  • Phenyl hydrogen ((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)(phenylamino)methyl)phosphonate (28)
The desired aminophosphonic acid 28 was obtained from compound 11 (0.2 g, 0.43 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.066 g, 0.47 mmol) as a white solid (0.066, 40%), mp 256–260 °C, 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 7.73–7.64 (m, 1H, CHarom), 7.22 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 7.18–7.12 (m, 2H, CHarom), 7.06 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.95–6.89 (m, 3H, CHarom), 6.57 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H, CHarom), 6.45 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, CHarom), 6.44–6.39 (m, 1H, CHarom), 5.52 (s, 1H, NH), 4.3 (d, J = 20.4 Hz, 1H, NH-P), 2.8 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 167.0, 149.0, 148.2 (d, JC-P = 13.4 Hz), 131.7, 131.6, 128.7, 128.6, 121.8, 120.7 (d, JC-P = 3.5 Hz), 115.5, 112.8, 112.1, 55.5 (d, JC-P = 142.2 Hz), 40.5. 31P NMR (243 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm): 10.86.

3.3. In Vitro Antifungal Activity

A total of five isolates of the L. prolificans were tested: 11-2242, 05-2190, 10-1167, 13-196 and 09-1125. All isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Department of the School of Medicine of Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León and were previously identified by Elizondo-Zertuche et al. [45]. The strains were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 35 °C for their metabolic reactivation.
For the in vitro susceptibility studies, a preliminary test was carried out by the agar diffusion method, and all synthesized compounds (α-aminophosphonates 5–16 and monohydrolyzed α-aminophosphonic acids 17–28) were evaluated against three strains of the Lomentospora (11-2242, 10-1167, 09-1125); thus, the most active compounds were selected based on the diameter of the growth inhibition zones. For this, conidia were inoculated as a lawn on Müller–Hinton medium (MCD Lab) with a concentration of 0.4 × 104–5 × 104 conidia/mL, and the disks were impregnated with each of the 24 compounds at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Inhibition halos were compared to VRC. Subsequently, the most active compounds, 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27, were evaluated at different concentrations using the liquid medium susceptibility method against the three Lomentospora strains previously mentioned (11-2242, 10-1167, 09-1125). Then, 5 mL snap tubes and 900 mL of nutrient broth (BD Bioxon) were added at a concentration of 0.4 × 104–5 × 104 conidia/mL, and 100 mL of the compounds was added at concentrations between 100 and 1000 mg/mL. The tubes were vortexed and incubated at 35 °C for 72 h, and the concentration range was determined for subsequent evaluation by the CLSI method M38-A2.
Finally, the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the five strains of Lomentospora species was determined by the macrodilution method of the CLSI M38-A2 protocol. The reference antifungal agent used was VRC, which was obtained as pure reagent grade powder. The final drug concentrations ranged from 0.125 to 64 μg/mL for VRC and from 650 to 1000 μg/mL for compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27. The tubes were incubated at 37 °C for 72 h, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all antifungals was registered visually. The MIC was defined as the drug concentration for which a 100% reduction in turbidity compared with the drug-free control for voriconazole and the compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 were observed. Assays were carried out in duplicate using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 as quality control organisms.

3.4. Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity

3.4.1. Cell Culture

The monkey kidney cell line (COS-7) used for biological tests was obtained from Centro Médico Siglo XXI.
The cell line was cultured in RPMI-1640 culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10%) and an antibiotic-antifungal mixture (1%).

3.4.2. MTT Assay

Active compounds (7, 11, 13, 22 and 27) against L. prolificans and VRC were evaluated by an MTT assay to evaluate their cytotoxicity in healthy COS-7 cells. Briefly, the cells were harvested with EDTA trypsin solution, already detached from the base of the culture flask, harvested and diluted with supplemented medium to inactivate trypsin. An aliquot of cells was taken to perform the viability count through the trypan blue technique using an electronic counter. The inoculum density was adjusted to 10 × 104 cells/mL, and they were deposited at a volume of 100 µL in 96-well plates. The cell cultures were incubated for 24 h to promote their adherence to the substrate at the bottom of the well. Next, the compounds were added in the solution with supplemented medium and their corresponding solvent at a volume of 100 µL. The compounds were prepared at a concentration of 40 mM in DMSO and/or ethanol; the final concentration was 1000 μM for the test drugs and ≤1% for DMSO. The etoposide was prepared at 20 μM in DMSO. At 24 h, the cell was removed from the medium and washed with a phosphate buffer, 100 µL of an MTT solution (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) was immediately added and they were left for 4 h in the incubator. Afterwards, the MTT solution was removed, and 100 µL of DMSO was added to favor the solubility of formazan produced during the cell metabolism; optical density (OD) was measured in a microplate reader at a wavelength of 470 nm.
Cell viability was calculated from the following expression% Viability = (OD treatment/OD vehicle) × 100. Data are processed individually or by an independent experiment, obtaining the average of these, plus the standard error of the mean.

4. Conclusions

The microwave-assisted KF reaction proceeded in 10 min with moderate to good yields and without employing catalysts. The characteristic H-P and C-P coupling constants corroborated the formation of the 12 new α-aminophosphonates and 12 new α-aminophosphonic acids. When evaluating the antifungal activity of the 24 synthesized compounds against L. prolificans by the CLSI protocol M38-A2, compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against five strains of L. prolificans, and the molecular docking studies with the enzyme lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase suggest that these compounds interact in an allosteric cavity. From the docking and SAR analysis, it was concluded that, in the design of new α-aminophosphonates and α-aminophosphonic acids with possible antifungal activity, it is recommended to consider the inclusion of certain structural features such as the phosphate group, aromatic rings substituted with electron-donating and sterically hindered groups at the R1 position and electro-withdrawing groups at the R2 position.
Compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 are active only at higher concentrations if compared with voriconazole. On the other hand, they are still promising structures as starting scaffolds in the design of future derivatives with potential antifungal activity.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28103995/s1, Figure S1: Comparison of 3D Structural similarities of voriconazole and active compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27; Figure S2–S93: The characterization spectrum of synthesized compounds.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Investigation and Methodology, Z.M.-C., E.R.-L., E.H.-N., E.H.-F., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Formal analysis, Z.M.-C., E.H.-F. and S.T.L.-C.; Funding acquisition and Project administration, M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Resources, E.R.-L., E.H.-N., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Software, E.H.-N.; Supervision, E.R.-L., E.H.-N., E.H.-F., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Validation, E.R.-L., E.H.-F., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Writing—original draft, Z.M.-C., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C.; Writing—review & editing, Z.M.-C., E.R.-L., E.H.-F., M.E.-Z. and S.T.L.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) via Project No. FORDECYT-PRONACES/171544/2020.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request due to restrictions privacy. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), ZMC thanks CONACYT for the postdoctoral fellowship.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds 5–28 are available from the authors.

References

  1. Bongomin, F.; Gago, S.; Oladele, R.O.; Denning, D.W. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Konsoula, A.; Tsioutis, C.; Markaki, I.; Papadakis, M.; Agouridis, A.P.; Spernovasilis, N. Lomentospora prolificans: An Emerging Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Rodriguez-Tudela, J.L.; Berenguer, J.; Guarro, J.; Kantarcioglu, A.S.; Horre, R.; de Hoog, G.S.; Cuenca-Estrella, M. Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases. Med. Mycol. 2009, 47, 359–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Konsoula, A.; Agouridis, A.P.; Markaki, L.; Tsioutis, C.; Spernovasilis, N. Lomentospora prolificans Disseminated Infections: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases. Pathogens 2023, 12, 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. World Health Organization. WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022; Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241 (accessed on 25 October 2022).
  6. Houšť, J.; Spížek, J.; Havlíček, V. Antifungal Drugs. Metabolites 2020, 10, 106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ramirez-Garcia, A.; Pellon, A.; Rementeria, A.; Buldain, I.; Barreto-Bergter, E.; Rollin-Pinheiro, R.; Vieira de Meirelles, J.; Xisto, M.I.; Ranque, S.; Havlicek, V.; et al. Scedosporium and Lomentospora: An updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med. Mycol. 2018, 56, S102–S125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mucha, A.; Kafarski, P.; Berlicki, Ł. Remarkable Potential of the α-Aminophosphonate/Phosphinate Structural Motif in Medicinal Chemistry. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 5955–5980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Kafarski, P.; Lejczak, B. Biological Activity of Aminophosphonic Acids. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 1991, 63, 193–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kafarski, P. Aminophosphonic Acids of Potential Medical Importance. Curr. Med. Chem. Agents 2001, 1, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Keglevich, G.; Bálint, E. The Kabachnik–Fields Reaction: Mechanism and Synthetic Use. Molecules 2012, 17, 12821–12835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Kafarski, P.; Górniak, M.; Andrasiak, I. Kabachnik-Fields Reaction Under Green Conditions—A Critical Overview. Curr. Green Chem. 2015, 2, 218–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Manabe, K.; Kobayashi, S. Facile synthesis of α-amino phosphonates in water using a Lewis acid–surfactant-combined catalyst. Chem. Commun. 2000, 8, 669–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Qian, C.; Huang, T.J. One-Pot Synthesis of α-amino Phosphonates from Aldehydes Using Lanthanide Triflate as a Catalyst. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4125–4128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Frouzabadi, H.; Iranpoor, H.; Sobhani, S. Metal Triflate-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates from Carbonyl Compounds in the Absence of Solvent. Synthesis 2004, 16, 2692–2696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Ranu, B.; Hajra, A.; Jana, U. General Procedure for the Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphonates from Aldehydes and Ketones Using Indium(III) Chloride as a Catalyst. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1141–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Lee, S.; Park, J.; Kang, J.; Lee, K. Lanthanide triflate-catalyzed three component synthesis of α-amino phosphonates in ionic liquids. A catalyst reactivity and reusability study. J. Chem. Commun. 2001, 17, 1698–1699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Xu, F.; Luo, Y.; Deng, M.; Shen, Q. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphonates Using Samarium Diiodide as a Catalyst Precursor. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 24, 4728–4730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Manjula, A.; Rao, B.; Neelakantan, P. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates: An Inexpensive Approach. Synth. Commun. 2003, 33, 2963–2969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Joly, G.; Jacobsen, E. Thiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrophosphonylation of Imines:  Practical Access to Enantiomerically Enriched α-Amino Phosphonic Acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4102–4103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kudrimoti, S.; Bommena, V.R. (Bromodimethyl)sulfonium bromide: An inexpensive reagent for the solvent-free, one-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 7, 1209–1210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zhan, Z.; Yang, R.; Li, J. Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphonates via Three Component Coupling on a Silica Gel Support. Chem. Lett. 2005, 34, 1042–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zefirov, N.S.; Matveeva, E.D. Catalytic Kabachnik-Fields reaction: New horizons for old reaction. Arkivoc 2008, 1, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Xue-Jun, M.; Mao-Yi, L.; Jian-Ping, Z.; Wei, Z. Microwave-assisted solvent-free and catalyst-free Kabachnik–Fields reactions for α-amino phosphonates. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 1125–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Rostamnia, S.; Hassankhani, A. Application of biodegradable supramolecular polymer-supported catalyst for multicomponent synthesis of a-aminophosphonates Kabachnik–Fields reaction. Supramol. Chem. 2014, 26, 736–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Bahadi, R.; Berredjem, M.; Redjemia, R.; Bouacida, S.; Amamra, R.; Meziani, O.; Zerrad, C.; Laichi, Y.; Bachari, K.; Ibrahim-Ouali, M.; et al. A green and novel method for the preparation of a-aminophosphonates using eggshell as catalyst. X-ray study. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2022, 197, 1248–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Shilpa, T.; Harry, N.A.; Ujwaldev, S.M.; Anikumar, G. An Overview of Microwave-Assisted Kabachnik-Fields Reactions. ChenistrySelect 2020, 5, 4422–4436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Kabachnik, M.M.; Zobnina, E.V.; Beletskaya, I. Catalyst-Free Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates in aThree-Component System: R1C(O)R2–(EtO)2P(O)H–RNH2. Synlett 2005, 9, 1393–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Prauda, I.; Greiner, I.; Ludányi, K.; Keglevich, G. Efficient Synthesis of Phosphono- and Phosphinoxidomethylated N-Heterocycles under Solvent-Free Microwave Conditions. Synth. Commun. 2007, 37, 317–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Keglevich, G.; Szekrénya, A. Eco-Friendly Accomplishment of the Extended Kabachnik–Fields Reaction; a Solvent- and Catalyst-Free Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates and α-Aminophosphine Oxides. Lett. Org. Chem. 2008, 5, 616–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Bálint, E.; Takács, J.; Drahos, L.; Juranovič, A.; Kočevar, M.; Keglevich, G. α-Aminophosphonates and α-Aminophosphine Oxides by the Microwave-Assisted Kabachnik–Fields Reactions of 3-Amino-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2-ones. Heteroat. Chem. 2013, 24, 221–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Bálint, E.; Fazekas, E.; Kóti, J.; Keglevich, G. Synthesis of N,N-Bis(dialkoxyphosphinoylmethyl)- and N,N-Bis(diphenylphosphinoylmethyl)-β- and γ-amino acid Derivatives by the Microwave-Assisted Double Kabachnik–Fields Reaction. Heteroat. Chem. 2015, 26, 106–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Bálint, E.; Tajti, Á.; Ladányi-Pára, K.; Tóth, N.; Mátravölgyi, B.; Keglevich, G. Continuous flow synthesis of α-aryl-α-aminophosphonates. Pure Appl. Chem. 2019, 91, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Tajti, Á.; Szatmári, E.; Perdih, F.; Keglevich, G.; Bálint, E. Microwave-Assisted Kabachnik–Fields Reaction with Amino Alcohols as the Amine Component. Molecules 2019, 24, 1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Cordero-Díaz, A.; Robledo-Leal, E.; Hernández-Fernández, E.; Hernández-Núñez, E.; Elizondo-Zertuche, M.; López-Cortina, S.T. Novel α-Aminophosphonates and α-Aminophosphonic Acids: Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity against Scedosporium Species. Molecules 2022, 27, 3886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Pellon, A.; Ramirez-Garcia, A.; Buldain, I.; Antoran, A.; Martin-Souto, L.; Rementeria, A.; Hernando, F.L. Pathobiology of Lomentospora prolificans: Could this species serve as a model of primary antifungal resistance? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2018, 51, 10–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Wallace, T.C.; Giusti, M.M. Evaluation of Parameters the Affect the 4-Dimethylaminocinamaldehyde Assay for Flavanols and Proanthocyanidins. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, C619–C625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Wu, M.; Liu, R.; Wan, D. Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphonates in Water Usingp-Toluenesulfonic Acid as Catalyst for the Kabachnik-Fields Reaction. Heteroat. Chem. 2013, 24, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Ando, K.; Egami, T. Facile synthesis of α-amino phosphonates in water by Kabachnik-Fields reaction using magnesium dodecyl sulfate. Heteroat. Chem. 2011, 22, 358–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Fang, D.; Jiao, C.; Ni, C. SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids catalyzed the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates in aqueous media. Heteroat. Chem. 2010, 21, 546–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Sabo, J.A.; Abdel-Rahman, S.M. Voriconazole: A new triazole antifungal. Ann. Pharmacother. 2000, 34, 1032–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Eberhardt, J.; Santos-Martins, D.; Tillack, A.F.; Forli, S. AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2021, 61, 3891–3898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Trott, O.; Olson, A.J. AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading. J. Comput. Chem. 2010, 31, 455–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Cob-Calan, N.N.; Chi-Uluac, L.A.; Ortiz-Chi, F.; Cerqueda-García, D.; Navarrete-Vázquez, G.; Ruiz-Sánchez, E.; Hernández-Núñez, E. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of protein β-tubulin and antifungal cyclic lipopeptides. Molecules 2019, 24, 3387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Elizondo-Zertuche, M.; Montoya, A.M.; Robledo-Leal, E.; Garza-Veloz, I.; Sánchez-Nuñez, A.L.; Ballesteron-Elizondo, R.; González, G.M. Comparative Pathogenicity of Lomentospora prolificans (Scedosporium prolificans) Isolates from Mexican Patients. Mycopathologia 2017, 182, 681–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Molecules 28 03995 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Structure–activity relationships for compound 1, (b) Structure proposal for new α-aminophosphonate derivatives.
Figure 1. (a) Structure–activity relationships for compound 1, (b) Structure proposal for new α-aminophosphonate derivatives.
Molecules 28 03995 g001
Molecules 28 03995 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates 5–16 by MW-assisted KF reaction.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates 5–16 by MW-assisted KF reaction.
Molecules 28 03995 sch001
Molecules 28 03995 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Yields of α-aminophosphonates 5–16.
Scheme 2. Yields of α-aminophosphonates 5–16.
Molecules 28 03995 sch002
Molecules 28 03995 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates 6 and 14 by vortex mixing.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates 6 and 14 by vortex mixing.
Molecules 28 03995 sch003
Molecules 28 03995 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonic acids 17–28.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of α-aminophosphonic acids 17–28.
Molecules 28 03995 sch004
Molecules 28 03995 g002 550
Figure 2. Docking interactions between active compounds and lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase.
Figure 2. Docking interactions between active compounds and lanosterol-14-alpha-demethylase.
Molecules 28 03995 g002
Molecules 28 03995 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Structure–Activity Relationship.
Scheme 5. Structure–Activity Relationship.
Molecules 28 03995 sch005
Table
Table 1. Coupling constants for compounds 5–28.
Table 1. Coupling constants for compounds 5–28.
CompJH-PJC-PCompJH-PJC-PCompJH-PJC-PCompJH-PJC-P
525.85156.261123.73156.741724.6142.972320.36142.24
625.72157.11225.12164.281822.2140.862423.6144.0
723.5157.071325.36156.821921.31138.442524.26142.4
823.31157.471424.37157.532020.62140.062624.25143.34
924.02162.61523.65157.92121.23157.72721.98142.1
1026.11155.711623.44158.112223.39142.82820.36142.24
Table
Table 2. In vitro susceptibilities of five strains of L. prolificans against compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 and antifungal VRC.
Table 2. In vitro susceptibilities of five strains of L. prolificans against compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 and antifungal VRC.
StrainMIC100
Range (μg/mL)
Compound 7		MIC100
Range (μg/mL)
Compound 11		MIC100
Range (μg/mL)
Compound 13		MIC100
Range (μg/mL)
Compound 22		MIC100
Range (μg/mL)
Compound 27		MIC100
Range (μg/mL)
VRC
L. prolificans (5)900->900900->900900->900900->900900->90016->16
Table
Table 3. Cytotoxicity profile of compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 and the antifungal voriconazole.
Table 3. Cytotoxicity profile of compounds 7, 11, 13, 22 and 27 and the antifungal voriconazole.
Compound (1000 µM)Viability (%)
739.01 ± 2.45
1138.72 ± 1.31
1341.85 ± 3.13
2267.91 ± 4.85
2760.26 ± 3.15
Voriconazole68.55 ± 2.05
Etoposide *40.79 ± 2.56
* Control (100 μM).
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Martínez-Campos, Z.; Elizondo-Zertuche, M.; Hernández-Núñez, E.; Hernández-Fernández, E.; Robledo-Leal, E.; López-Cortina, S.T. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Aminophosphonic Derivatives and Their Antifungal Evaluation against Lomentospora prolificans. Molecules 2023, 28, 3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103995

AMA Style

Martínez-Campos Z, Elizondo-Zertuche M, Hernández-Núñez E, Hernández-Fernández E, Robledo-Leal E, López-Cortina ST. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Aminophosphonic Derivatives and Their Antifungal Evaluation against Lomentospora prolificans. Molecules. 2023; 28(10):3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103995

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martínez-Campos, Zuleyma, Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche, Emanuel Hernández-Núñez, Eugenio Hernández-Fernández, Efrén Robledo-Leal, and Susana T. López-Cortina. 2023. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Aminophosphonic Derivatives and Their Antifungal Evaluation against Lomentospora prolificans" Molecules 28, no. 10: 3995. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103995

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop