Determination of Ultra-Trace Cobalt in Water Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Apparatus
2.2. Synthesis of 5-Br-PADAM
2.3. Reagents and Solutions
2.4. General Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Type and Volume of Extraction Solvent
3.2. Influence of Nature and Volume of Disperser Solvent
3.3. Influence of pH of Test Solution
3.4. Effect of the 5-Br-PADAM Concentration
3.5. Effect of Extraction Time
3.6. Effect of Centrifugation Time
3.7. Effect of Salt
3.8. Interferences
3.9. Analytical Figures of Merit Calibration Curve, Detection Limit and Precision
3.10. Analytical Applications
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yuzefovsky, A.I.; Lonardo, R.F.; Wang, M.H.; Michel, R.G. Determination of ultra-trace amounts of cobalt in ocean water by laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry in a graphite electrothermal atomizer with semi online flow-injection preconcentrationa. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994, 9, 1195–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barceloux, D.G. Cobalt. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 201–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ochab, M.; Gęca, I.; Korolczuk, M. The new micro-set for adsorptive stripping voltammetric simultaneous determination of nickel and cobalt traces in aqueous media. Electroanalysis 2019, 31, 1769–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kokkinos, C.; Economou, A. Microfabricated chip integrating a bismuth microelectrode array for the determination of trace cobalt(II) by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2016, 229, 362–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baś, B.; Węgiel, K.; Jedlińska, K. The renewable bismuth bulk annular band working electrode: Fabrication and application in the adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of nickel(II) and cobalt(II). Anal. Chim. Acta 2015, 881, 44–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shemirani, F.; Shokoufi, N. Laser induced thermal lens spectrometry for cobalt determination after cloud point extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 577, 238–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Q.; Huo, Y.Y.; Yang, X.H.; He, Y.P.; Wu, J.Y.; Cai, H.L. Determination of ultra-trace cobalt in water and wheat flour samples using cloud point extraction coupled with laser thermal lens spectrometry. Anal. Methods 2018, 10, 634–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, C.; Jia, Y.; Lee, Y.I.; Hou, X.; Wu, L. Ultrasensitive determination of cobalt and nickel by atomic fluorescence spectrometry using APDC enhanced chemical vapor generation. Microchem. J. 2012, 104, 33–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanisz, E.; Werner, J. Ligandless, task-specific ionic liquid-based ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of cobalt ions by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 2017, 50, 2884–2899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anthemidis, A.; Tsartsidou, M.; Stratis, J. Sequential injection on-line sorption preconcentration using PEEK-turnings packed micro-column for ultra-trace cobalt determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 2012, 45, 473–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dobrowolski, R.; Otto, M. Determination of nickel and cobalt in reference plant materials by carbon slurry sampling GFAAS technique after their simultaneous preconcentration onto modified activated carbon. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2012, 26, 58–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coutinho de Jesus, H.; Grinberg, P.; Sturgeon, R.E. System optimization for determination of cobalt in biological samples by ICP-OES using photochemical vapor generation. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2016, 31, 1590–1604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadia, M.; Jan, M.R.; Shah, J.; Greenway, G.M. Simultaneous preconcentration and determination of nickel and cobalt using functionalised mesoporous silica spheres by ICP-OES. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2013, 93, 1537–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartosiak, M.; Jankowski, K.; Giersz, J. Determination of cobalt species in nutritional supplements using ICP-OES after microwave-assisted extraction and solid-phase extraction. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018, 155, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Quadros, D.P.C.; Borges, D.L.G. Direct analysis of alcoholic beverages for the determination of cobalt, nickel and tellurium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following photochemical vapor generation. Microchem. J. 2014, 116, 244–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.W.; Jiang, S.J.; Sahayam, A.C.; Huang, Y.L. Determination of cobalt compounds in dietary supplements using liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 2019, 154, 70–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Ma, H.; Chi, Q.; Li, Q.; Li, M.; Zhang, H.; Li, C.; Fang, H. A monolithic copolymer prepared from N-(4-vinyl)-benzyl iminodiacetic acid, divinylbenzene and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide for preconcentration of cadmium(II) and cobalt(II) from biological samples prior to their determination by ICP-MS. Microchim. Acta 2019, 186, 537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reza Jamali, M.; Assadi, Y.; Shemirani, F. Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Determination of Cobalt, Copper, and Nickel in Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2017, 42, 3503–3515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Divarova, V.V.; Stojnova, K.T.; Racheva, P.V.; Lekova, V.D.; Dimitrov, A.N. Liquid–liquid extraction of ion-association complexes of cobalt(II)–4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol with ditetrazolium salts. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2015, 80, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadi, S.; Hamidian, H.; Karimzadeh, L.; Moeinadini, Z. Simultaneous extraction of trace amounts of cobalt, nickel and copper ions using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles without chelating agent. J. Anal. Chem. 2013, 68, 953–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Zhou, J.B.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.H.; Zhao, R.S. Simultaneous determination of copper, cobalt, and mercury ions in water samples by solid-phase extraction using carbon nanotube sponges as adsorbent after chelating with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate prior to high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 4445–4453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ju, S.; Liu, M.; Yang, Y. Preconcentration and determination of cadmium, lead, and cobalt in Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) using magnetic solid-phase extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Lett. 2016, 49, 511–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Zhang, X.; Long, Z. Molecularly imprinted dispersive solid-phase microextraction for determination of sulfamethazine by capillary electrophoresis. Microchim. Acta 2012, 178, 293–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Memon, Z.M.; Yilmaz, E.; Soylak, M. Switchable solvent based green liquid phase microextraction method for cobalt in tobacco and food sample sprior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. J. Mol. Liq. 2017, 229, 459–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abulhassani, J.; Manzoori, J.L.; Amjadi, M. Ionic liquid-based, single-drop microextraction for preconcentration of cobalt before its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 2010, 93, 985–991. [Google Scholar]
- Han, Q.; Huo, Y.Y.; Yang, N.; Yang, X.H.; Hao, T.T. Determination of cobalt in water by thermal lens spectrometry with cloud point extraction. Anal. Lett. 2015, 48, 2096–2106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemos, V.A.; dos Santos Vieira, E.V. Method for the determination of cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt and copper in seafood after dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction. Food Addit. Contam. Part A 2014, 31, 1872–1878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, E.D.S.; Correia, L.O.; Santos, L.O.D.; Vieira, E.V.D.S.; Lemos, V.A. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of cadmium, cobalt, lead and nickel in water samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchim. Acta 2012, 178, 269–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, D.; Row, K.H. Trends in liquid-phase microextraction, and its application to environmental and biological samples. Microchim. Acta 2012, 176, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rezaee, M.; Assadi, Y.; Milani Hosseini, M.R.; Aghaee, E.; Ahmadi, F.; Berijani, S. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1116, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Q.; Zhang, G.; Hu, Y.R.; Zheng, F.F. Study on the Color Reaction of Palladium with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-dimethylaminoaniline. Anal. Chem. 1991, 19, 214–216. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Gharehbaghi, M.; Shemirani, F.; Baghdad, M. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt in water samples. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2008, 88, 513–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eleková, L.; Balogh, I.S.; Imrich, J.; Andruch, V. Application of cinnamoyl derivative as a new ligand for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt. J. Anal. Chem. 2015, 70, 298–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shokoufi, N.; Shemirani, F.; Assadi, Y. Fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry in combination with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of palladium and cobalt. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 597, 349–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yousefi, S.R.; Ahmadi, S.J. Development a robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction against high concentration of salt combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometrym sing microsample introduction system for preconcentration and determination of cobalt in water and saline samples. Microchim. Acta 2011, 72, 75–82. [Google Scholar]
- Mirzaei, M.; Amirtaimoury, N. TemperatureInduced aggregation ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for separation trace amount of cobalt ion. J. Anal. Chem. 2014, 69, 503–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bahar, S.; Babamiri, B. Preconcentration and determination of low amounts of cobalt in black tea, paprika and marjoram using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2015, 12, 51–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadzadeh, A.; Ramezani, M.; Ghaedi, A. Flotation-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cobalt: Orthogonal array design. J. Anal. Chem. 2016, 71, 535–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altunay, N.; Elik, A.; Gürkan, R. Vortex assisted-ionic liquid based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction of low levels of nickel and cobalt in chocolate-based samples and their determination by FAAS. Microchem. J. 2019, 147, 277–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Divrikli, U.; Altun, F.; Akdogan, A.; Soylak, M.; Elci, L. An efficient green microextraction method of Co and Cu in environmental samples prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020, 101, 2728–2741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemos, V.A.; Junior, I.V.S.; Santos, L.B.; Barreto, J.A.; Ferreira, S.L.C. A new simple and fast method for determination of cobalt in vitamin B12 and water samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and digital image analysis. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2020, 231, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreto, J.A.; dos Santos de Assis, R.; Santos, L.B.; Cassella, R.J.; Lemos, V.A. Pressure variation in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction associated with digital image colorimetry: Determination of cobalt in food samples. Microchem. J. 2020, 157, 105064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranjbar, L.; Yamini, Y.; Saleh, A.; Seidi, S.; Faraji, M. Ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ICP-OES for the determination of trace quantities of cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in environmental water samples. Microchim. Acta 2012, 177, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yousefi, S.R.; Zolfonoun, E. A novel approach for developing on-line dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using deep eutectic solvent for determination of cobalt ion in water samples by ICP-OES. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2021, 18, 2913–2918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, H.M.; Qin, Y.C.; Hu, B. Dispersive liquid phase microextraction (DLPME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) for determination of trace Co and Ni in environmental water and rice samples. Talanta 2008, 74, 1160–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eftekhari, M.; Javedani-Asleh1, F.; Chamsaz, M. Ultra-Trace Determination of Co(II) in Real Samples Using Ion Pair-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 2016, 9, 1985–1992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sorouraddin, S.M.; Farajzadeh, M.A.; Ghorbani, M. In situ-produced CO2-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of cobalt, nickel, and copper ions from aqueous samples followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry determination. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2018, 15, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Werner, J. Ligandless, deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of the aqueous phase for preconcentration of lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel in water samples. J. Sep. Sci. 2020, 43, 1297–1305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Stage | Temperature (°C) | Ramp Time (s) | Hold Time (s) | Argon Flow Rate (mL/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drying | 110 | 1 | 30 | 250 |
Drying | 130 | 15 | 10 | 250 |
Ashing | 1200 | 5 | 30 | 250 |
Atomization | 2200 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Cleaning | 2450 | 1 | 3 | 250 |
Ligand | Method | Extraction Solvent | Disperser Solvent | Sample Consumption | Enrichment Factor | LOD (ng∙mL−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAN | SP | CHCl3 | C2H5OH | 50 mL | 125 | 0.5 | [32] |
DMACP | SP | Toluene | CH3CN | 5 mL | 8.6 | 9 | [33] |
PAN | FO-LADS | 1,2-diCl-C6H4 | C2H5OH | 10 mL | 165 | 0.2 | [34] |
PAN | FAAS | [Hmim] [PF6] | C2H5OH | 10 mL | 118 | 0.1 | [35] |
5-Br-PADAP | FAAS | [Hmim] [PF6] | [Hmim] [Tf2N] | 10 mL | 26.5 | 0.4 | [36] |
336-chloride | FAAS | CCl4 | CH3CN | 5 mL | 30 | 5.6 | [37] |
1N2N | FAAS | Toluene | CH3OH | 24 mL | 120 | 3 | [38] |
Ninhydrin | FAAS | [C6 mim] [FAP] | C2H5OH | 125 | 98 | 0.2 | [39] |
Dithizone | FAAS | CHCl3 | Acetone | 5.0 mL | 20 | 9.01 | [40] |
TAC | DIA | C2HCl3 | C2H5OH | 5 mL | - | 0.9 | [41] |
TAC | DIC | C2HCl3 | 7 mL | 65 | 0.08 | [42] | |
TTA | ICP-OES | [C6mim] [Tf2N] | C2H5OH | 30 mL | 79 | 0.1 | [43] |
DDTC | ICP-OES | DES | Ultrasonic bath | 10 mL | 60 | 0.09 | [44] |
PAN | GFAAS | CCl4 | Acetone | 5 mL | 101 | 0.021 | [45] |
SCN− + CPC | ETAAS | CCl4 | Acetone | 10 mL | 167 | 0.02 | [46] |
SDDTC | GFAAS | 1,1,2,2-C2H2Cl4 | CO2 | 5 mL | 148 | 8.0 | [47] |
- | HPLC | LDDES | Ultrasound | 15 mL | 162 | 0.06 | [48] |
5-Br-PADMA | GFAAS | C2H4Cl2 | CH3CN | 5 mL | 112 | 0.02 | This work |
Sample * | Added (ng/mL) | Found ** (ng/mL) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
River water a | - | <DL | - |
0.20 | 0.206 ± 0.006 | 103.0 | |
0.40 | 0.386 ± 0.009 | 96.5 | |
River water b | - | <DL | - |
0.30 | 0.293 ± 0.005 | 97.7 | |
0.60 | 0.606 ± 0.019 | 101.0 | |
Reservoir water b | - | <DL | - |
0.40 | 0.402 ± 0.008 | 100.5 | |
0.80 | 0.816 ± 0.020 | 102.0 | |
Well water c | - | 0.216 ± 0.025 | - |
0.20 | 0.421 ± 0.010 | 102.5 | |
0.40 | 0.608 ± 0.010 | 98.0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Han, Q.; Liu, Y.; Huo, Y.; Li, D.; Yang, X. Determination of Ultra-Trace Cobalt in Water Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Molecules 2022, 27, 2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092694
Han Q, Liu Y, Huo Y, Li D, Yang X. Determination of Ultra-Trace Cobalt in Water Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Molecules. 2022; 27(9):2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092694
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Quan, Yaqi Liu, Yanyan Huo, Dan Li, and Xiaohui Yang. 2022. "Determination of Ultra-Trace Cobalt in Water Samples Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry" Molecules 27, no. 9: 2694. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092694