Are Vitamin E Supplementation Beneficial for Female Gynaecology Health and Diseases?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin E in Female Fertility, Pregnancy, and Reproductive Health
3. Vitamin E and Reproductive Hormones
4. Vitamin E Supplementation on Pregnancy Outcome in Assisted Reproductive Technologies
5. Vitamin E in Female Gynaecology Diseases
6. Roles of Vitamin E in Gynaecologic Cancer
7. Conclusions and Future Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Vitamin E | Chemical Structure | Type of Sidechain | Number of Methyl Group on Chromanol Ring | Position of Methyl Group on Chromanol Ring | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tocopherols | α | Saturated 16-carbon isoprenoid sidechain | three | 5,7,8-trimethyl | |
α-tocopheryl acetate | |||||
β | two | 5,8-dimethyl | |||
γ | two | 7,8-dimethyl | |||
δ | one | 8-methyl | |||
Tocotrienols | α | Unsaturated 16-carbon isoprenoid sidechain, containing three double bonds | three | 5,7,8-trimethyl | |
β | two | 5,8-dimethyl | |||
γ | two | 7,8-dimethyl | |||
δ | one | 8-methyl |
Age | RDA in mg (IU) |
---|---|
0–6 months | 4 (6) |
7–12 months | 5 (7.5) |
1–3 years | 6 (9) |
4–8 years | 7 (10.4) |
9–13 years | 11 (16.4) |
>14 years | 15 (22.4) |
Pregnant women | 15 (22.4) |
Breastfeeding women | 19 (28.4) |
Tocopherols, µg/mL | Tocotrienols, µg/mL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | α | γ | δ | α | γ | δ |
Palm oil | 198 | - | 11 | 210 | 408 | 87 |
232 | - | 9 | 237 | 425 | 78 | |
Sunflower oil | 765 | - | - | - | - | - |
710 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cocoa butter | 14 | 225 | 37 | 9 | - | - |
9 | 187 | 31 | 7 | - | - | |
Walnut oil | 12 | 517 | 61 | - | - | - |
15 | 569 | 72 | - | - | - | |
Coconut oil | 3 | - | 13 | 8 | 32 | - |
5 | - | 15 | 11 | 27 | - | |
Hazelnut oil | 425 | 68 | 17 | - | - | - |
478 | 74 | 14 | - | - | - | |
Corn oil | 263 | 1365 | 88 | - | - | - |
245 | 1319 | 63 | - | - | - |
Type of Vitamin E | Source | Dose | Duration | Type of Cancer | Type of Cell/Tissue | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-TCP γ-TCT | Palm oil | 150 μM of γ-TCT and 300 μM α-TCP | 24 h | Cervix | CaSki | α-TCP and γ-TCT triggered apoptosis via upregulation of p53, Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), and Caspase-3 proteins, as well as Caspase-3 activity. | [101] |
α-TCP α-TCT γ-TCT δ-TCT | α-TCP from vegetable oil and TCTs from palm oil | 3 μM of each isomer | 24 h | Cervix | HeLa | α-TCT and γ-TCT induced apoptosis via cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose- and time-dependent manner and exerted anti-proliferative properties by increasing the expression of IL-6 and decreasing the expression of cyclin D3, p16, and CDK6 expression in the cell cycle signaling pathway. | [102] |
γ-TCT α-TCP | Palm oil | 150 μM of γ-TCT and 300 μM α-TCP | 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h | Cervix | CaSki | γ-TCT exerted anti-proliferative properties by suppressing the expression of MEK-2 and ERK-2 proteins. | [103] |
γ-TCT | Palm oil | 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/mL | 7–8 days, until spheres formed | Cervix | HeLa | γ-TCT prevents the development of spherical cervical cancer cells. | [104] |
γ-TCT | Palm oil | 15, 30, 45, and 60 µM | 12, 24, and 48 h | Cervix | HeLa | γ-TCT reduced proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 expression and induced apoptosis by reducing the Bcl-2 levels, increasing Bax levels, and release of cytochrome from mitochondria, as well as activating the caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities and ensuing cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). | [105] |
d-α tocopheryl acetate (ester of Acetic acid and α-TCP) | Synthetic | 0–100 IU | 0–72 h | Ovary | Normal and malignant ovarian Surface epithelial (OSE) | d-α tocopheryl acetate inhibited cancer cell proliferation via upregulation of caspase-3 activity. Downregulation of hTERT-mRNA Transcription and hTERT promoter activity, thus, blocked the activity of endogenous telomerase. | [106] |
α-TCT γ-TCT δ-TCT Cyclophosp-hamide (CPA) | Palm oil | 60 mg/kg of TCTs and 10 mg/kg of CPA | Treatment was given for 30 consecutive days. | Ovary | Mice ovarian tissues | Concurrent administration of both TRF and CPA confer protection from apoptosis in ovaries with chemotherapy-induced damage. TCTs administration restored CPA’s harmful effects, which included aberrant folliculogenesis, with decreased ovulation rate, follicular edoema, increased vascularity, and inflammatory cell infiltration. | [107,108] |
δ-TCT bevacizumab | Annatto | 300 mg orally, three times daily | The treatment continued until progression, grade 3 toxicity, or patient wish to discontinue. | Ovary | Human clinical trial | Concurrent administration of δ-TCT with bevacizumab indicate an additive effect in chemotherapy refractory cancer. | [109] |
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Md Amin, N.A.; Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S.H.; Arshad, A.H.; Abdul Aziz, N.; Abdul Nasir, N.A.; Ab Latip, N. Are Vitamin E Supplementation Beneficial for Female Gynaecology Health and Diseases? Molecules 2022, 27, 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061896
Md Amin NA, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Arshad AH, Abdul Aziz N, Abdul Nasir NA, Ab Latip N. Are Vitamin E Supplementation Beneficial for Female Gynaecology Health and Diseases? Molecules. 2022; 27(6):1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061896
Chicago/Turabian StyleMd Amin, Nur Amira, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Akmal Hisyam Arshad, Norhaslinda Abdul Aziz, Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir, and Normala Ab Latip. 2022. "Are Vitamin E Supplementation Beneficial for Female Gynaecology Health and Diseases?" Molecules 27, no. 6: 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061896