FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Irisin: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Downstream Signaling
2.1. Biosynthesis and Secretion of Irisin
2.2. Structural Features and Signaling Pathways
2.3. Irisin Receptor
3. The Role of Irisin in Human Pathophysiology
3.1. Irisin in Obesity and Diabetes
3.2. Irisin in the Nervous System
3.3. Irisin in Bone Metabolism
3.4. Irisin in Carcinogenesis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FNDC5 | Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 |
FGF21 | Fibroblast growth factor 21 |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
WAT | White adipose tissue |
BAT | Brown adipose tissue |
UCP1 | Uncoupling protein 1 |
PGC1 α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) coactivator 1-α |
FNDC9 | Fibronectin type III domain containing 9 |
PRDM16 | PR domain zinc finger protein 16 |
AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
ERK1/2 | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 |
EMT | Epithelial-mesenchyme transition |
cAMP | Cyclic adenosine 3, 5- monophosphate |
CREB | cAMP response element binding |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
APP | Amyloid precursor protein |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
MARK4 | Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 4 |
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Waseem, R.; Shamsi, A.; Mohammad, T.; Hassan, M.I.; Kazim, S.N.; Chaudhary, A.A.; Rudayni, H.A.; Al-Zharani, M.; Ahmad, F.; Islam, A. FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Molecules 2022, 27, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031118
Waseem R, Shamsi A, Mohammad T, Hassan MI, Kazim SN, Chaudhary AA, Rudayni HA, Al-Zharani M, Ahmad F, Islam A. FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031118
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaseem, Rashid, Anas Shamsi, Taj Mohammad, Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan, Syed Naqui Kazim, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Hassan Ahmed Rudayni, Mohammed Al-Zharani, Faizan Ahmad, and Asimul Islam. 2022. "FNDC5/Irisin: Physiology and Pathophysiology" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031118