Chemical Characterization of Flowers and Leaf Extracts Obtained from Turnera subulata and Their Immunomodulatory Effect on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Extract Preparation
4.2. Chemical Characterization by Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)
4.3. Cell Culture
4.4. MTT Viability Assay
4.5. Alamar Blue® Viability Assay
4.6. Cytokine Measurement of (TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6, and IL10)
4.7. Measurement of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Peak. | Phytocomponents Matched with GNPS Data Base | Cosine | Mass Diff | Mass | Molecular Formula | Ion Fragments a | Adduct | Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | l-Tyrosine | 0.86 | 0.001 | 165.054 | C9H8O3 | 147.04, 123.05, 119.05, 95.05, 91.06 | [M − NH3 + H]+ | AFETS |
2 | Phenylalanine | 0.95 | 0 | 166.086 | C9H11NO2 | 149.06, 131.05, 120.08, 103.05, 53.04 | [M + H]+ | AFETS |
3 | 7-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-4′-hydroxy-5-methoxyisoflavone | 0.89 | 0 | 447.129 | C22H22O10 | 285.08, 270.05, 213.05, 152.01 | [M + H]+ | AFETS |
4 | Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside | 0.95 | 0.002 | 579.172 | C27H30O14 | 433.11, 415.10, 397.09, 313.07, 283.06 | [M + H]+ | AFETS |
1 | l-Tyrosine | 0.95 | 0.001 | 182.081 | C9H11N1O3 | 165.06, 147.04, 136.07, 123.05, 119.05 | [M + H]+ | ALETS |
2 | dl-Phenylalanine | 0.97 | 0 | 166.086 | C9H11NO2 | 149.06, 131.05, 120.08, 103.05, 53.04 | [M + H]+ | ALETS |
3 | l-Tryptophan | 0.95 | 0.001 | 205.096 | C11H12N2O2 | 188.07, 159.09, 146.06, 144.08, 118.06 | [M + H]+ | ALETS |
4 | Ferulate/isoferulate | 0.93 | 0 | 177.054 | C10H8O3 | 149.06, 145.03, 117.03, 89.04 | M − H2O + H | ALETS |
5 | Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside | 0.94 | 0 | 579.17 | C27H30O14 | 433.11, 415.10, 397.09, 313.07, 283.06 | [M + H]+ | ALETS |
1 | dl-Octopamine | 0.95 | 0 | 136.076 | C8H9NO1 | 119.05, 118.06, 107.05, 91.06, 64.04 | [M − H2O + H]+ | HEFTS |
2 | l-Tyrosine | 0.94 | 0.001 | 165.054 | C9H8O3 | 147.04, 123.05, 119.05, 95.05, 91.06 | [M − NH3 + H]+ | HEFTS |
3 | Phenylalanine | 0.96 | 0 | 166.086 | C9H11NO2 | 149.06, 131.05, 120.08, 103.05, 53.04 | [M + H]+ | HEFTS |
4 | l-Tryptophan | 0.94 | 0.001 | 188.07 | C11H9N1O2 | 170.06, 146.06, 144.08, 143.07, 118.07 | [M − NH3 + H]+ | HEFTS |
5 | Adenosine, 5_-S-methyl-5_-thio- | 0.91 | 0.004 | 298.097 | C11H15N5O3S | 145.03, 136.06, 97.03, 61.01 | [M + H]+ | HEFTS |
6 | Ferulate/isoferulate | 0.89 | 0 | 177.054 | C10H8O3 | 149.06, 145.03, 117.03, 89.04 | [M − H2O + H]+ | HEFTS |
7 | 7-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-4′-hydroxy-5-methoxyisoflavone | 0.91 | 0.001 | 447.13 | C22H22O10 | 285.08, 270.05, 213.05, 152.01 | [M + H]+ | HEFTS |
8 | Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside | 0.97 | 0.003 | 579.173 | C27H30O14 | 433.11, 415.10, 397.09, 313.07, 283.06 | [M + H]+ | HEFTS |
1 | Phenylalanine | 0.94 | 0 | 166.086 | C9H11NO2 | 149.06, 131.05, 120.08, 103.05, 53.04 | [M + H]+ | HELTS |
2 | Ferulate/isoferulate | 0.94 | 0 | 177.054 | C10H8O3 | 149.06, 145.03, 117.03, 89.04 | [M − H2O + H]+ | HELTS |
3 | Vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside | 0.94 | 0.001 | 579.171 | C27H30O14 | 433.11, 415.10, 397.09, 313.07, 283.06 | [M + H]+ | HELTS |
4 | Loliolide | 0.94 | 0 | 197.117 | C11H16O3 | 179.11, 161.09, 135.12, 133.10, 107.09 | [M + H]+ | HELTS |
5 | 9S-Hydroxy-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid | 0.86 | 0 | 277.216 | C18H28O2 | 259.20, 149.13, 135.12, 121.10, 93.07 | [M − H2O + H]+ | HELTS |
6 | 9(10)-EpOME | 0.91 | 0.002 | 279.233 | C18H30O2 | 173.13, 109.10, 95.09, 81.07, 67.06 | [M − H2O + H]+ | HELTS |
7 | Stearidonic acid Ethyl ester | 0.86 | 0.001 | 305.248 | C20H32O2 | 259.20, 149.13, 135.12, 121.10, 93.07 | [M + H]+ | HELTS |
8 | Pheophorbide A | 0.87 | 0.005 | 593.274 | C35H36N4O5 | 533.25, 460.23, 447.22, 433.24, 431.18 | [M + H]+ | HELTS |
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Luz, J.R.D.d.; Barbosa, E.A.; Nascimento, T.E.S.d.; Rezende, A.A.d.; Ururahy, M.A.G.; Brito, A.d.S.; Araujo-Silva, G.; López, J.A.; Almeida, M.d.G. Chemical Characterization of Flowers and Leaf Extracts Obtained from Turnera subulata and Their Immunomodulatory Effect on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2022, 27, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031084
Luz JRDd, Barbosa EA, Nascimento TESd, Rezende AAd, Ururahy MAG, Brito AdS, Araujo-Silva G, López JA, Almeida MdG. Chemical Characterization of Flowers and Leaf Extracts Obtained from Turnera subulata and Their Immunomodulatory Effect on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031084
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuz, Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da, Eder A. Barbosa, Thayse Evellyn Silva do Nascimento, Adriana Augusto de Rezende, Marcela Abbott Galvão Ururahy, Adriana da Silva Brito, Gabriel Araujo-Silva, Jorge A. López, and Maria das Graças Almeida. 2022. "Chemical Characterization of Flowers and Leaf Extracts Obtained from Turnera subulata and Their Immunomodulatory Effect on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031084