Next Article in Journal
Maternal Physiological Variations Induced by Chronic Gestational Hypoxia: 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Study
Next Article in Special Issue
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Catalysts for Cyclic Carbonates Synthesis from CO2 and Epoxides
Previous Article in Journal
Influence of Organic Matter on the Sorption of Cefdinir, Memantine and Praziquantel on Different Soil and Sediment Samples
Previous Article in Special Issue
Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Sample Preparation and Extraction of Organic Molecules
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 27
Issue 22
10.3390/molecules27228006
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids with Amino Acid Residues: Synthesis and Influence of Thiacalix[4]arene Conformation on Thermal Stability

by
Olga Terenteva
1,
Azamat Bikmukhametov
1,
Alexander Gerasimov
1,
Pavel Padnya
1,* and
Ivan Stoikov
1,2,*
1
A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
2
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, 2 Nauchny Gorodok Street, Kazan 420075, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 8006; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228006
Submission received: 1 November 2022 / Revised: 15 November 2022 / Accepted: 16 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: Greener Approaches for Sustainable Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Novel thiacalix[4]arene based ammonium ionic liquids (ILs) containing amino acid residues (glycine and L-phenylalanine) in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate conformations were synthesized by alkylation of macrocyclic tertiary amines with N-bromoacetyl-amino acids ethyl ester followed by replacing bromide anions with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ions. The melting temperature of the obtained ILs was found in the range of 50–75 °C. The effect of macrocyclic core conformation on the synthesized ILs’ melting points was shown, i.e., the ILs in partial cone conformation have the lowest melting points. Thermal stability of the obtained macrocyclic ILs was determined via thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The onset of decomposition of the synthesized compounds was established at 305–327 °C. The compounds with L-phenylalanine residues are less thermally stable by 3–19 °C than the same glycine-containing derivatives.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been attracting the attention of researchers in the last two decades. Their unique properties, e.g., low vapor pressure, low toxicity, recyclability, high solvating ability, polarity, thermal and electrochemical stability and electrical conductivity can be explained by the structure [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. ILs consist of bulky organic cations with low symmetry and inorganic or organic anions [17]. The physicochemical properties of ILs can also be affected by varying the cations and anions [18].
Despite the fact that the first examples of ILs are derivatives of ammonium salts, this class of compounds has not been fully investigated. Ammonium ILs were used for metal ions extraction, functional materials creation, as a reaction medium, battery electrolytes, components of pharmaceutical agents [19,20,21,22,23]. However, low biocompatibility and complexation selectivity limit the practical application of these compounds. A possible solution of this problem is the modification of ILs with various functional groups, e.g., amide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino acid fragments etc. ILs with amino acid fragments also increase the stability of biomolecules such as enzymes and DNA [24,25,26,27,28,29]. Prior works showed the rise of thermal stability and effect of such ILs on proteins activity and stability, their package changing and aggregation inhibition [30,31,32,33].
One of the actively developing classes of ILs are macrocyclic and polyionic liquids containing several cationic fragments [34,35,36]. The design of ILs based on supramolecular platforms, e.g., crown ethers [37], pillararenes [38,39,40], and (thia)calixarenes [41,42,43,44,45,46,47], was described. At this moment, the creation of such structures is a non-trivial synthetic problem. Only a few examples of their successful synthesis are known [48,49]. Our scientific group has shown that the introduction of quaternary ammonium, ester and amino acid fragments leads to obtain macrocyclic ILs in cone and 1,3-alternate conformations [50]. There are no literature examples of the synthesis and properties study of macrocyclic ILs based on partial cone stereoisomer. The structure of partial cone is less symmetrical than cone and 1,3-alternate, that can hypothetically decrease the melting point of such compounds. The introduction of different amino acid residues affects the thermal stability and melting point, which are important characteristics of ILs. In this work, p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arenes tetrasubstituted at the lower rim with quaternary ammonium groups and amino acid fragments (glycine and L-phenylalanine) in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate conformations were synthesized for the first time. The influence of the conformation of macrocyclic core and the nature of the amino acid substituent on their thermal stability was investigated.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arenes Containing Quaternary Ammonium Groups and Fragments of Glycine and L-phenylalanine

Previously, our scientific group developed an approach to the synthesis of macrocyclic ILs [50]. It consisted in the alkylation of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene-based tertiary amines, followed by the replacement of bromide anions. Initially, we synthesized highly reactive alkylating agents containing amino acid residues. Glycine 1 and L-phenylalanine 2 were selected to evaluate the effect of planar π-aromatic ring systems on physical properties, e.g., melting point and thermal stability. The target compounds were obtained in two steps (Scheme 1). The first step was the synthesis of the amino acid esters 3 and 4. The second step was the interaction of the obtained compounds 3 and 4 with bromoacetic acid bromide. N-Bromoacetyl-amino acid ethyl esters 5 and 6 were obtained in 92 and 90% yield.
The next stage of this work was the study of reaction of the obtained alkylating agents 5 and 6 with tetrasubstituted thiacalixarenes 7–9 containing terminal tertiary amino groups in cone, partial cone and 1,3-alternate conformations (Scheme 2). Targeted bromides of macrocyclic quaternary ammonium salts 10–15 were obtained in high yields (93–95%). Previously, a significant decrease in the melting point by replacing halide ions with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ions (N(SO2CF3)2−, NTf2−) has also been shown [51]. This can be explained by the fact that the increase of anion size decreases symmetry of the molecule. Thus, the compounds 10–15 were reacted with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in water at room temperature. The macrocyclic ILs 16–21 were obtained in yields close to quantitative (Scheme 2).
The structure and the composition of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis (Figures S1–S33). The conformation of modified p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene derivatives can be determined by one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy based on specific proton signals of tert-butyl group, aromatic ring, oxymethylene and amide group. Table 1 lists the values of the characteristic chemical shifts of the compounds 10–21. The protons of oxymethylene and amide groups of the compound 15 (1,3-alternate) are located in the shielded zone of neighboring aromatic rings of the macrocycle. These signals in the 1H NMR spectrum are recorded upfield (4.00 and 8.02 ppm, respectively) of those of the macrocycles 11 in cone conformation (4.81 and 8.50 ppm, respectively). The chemical shifts of the aromatic protons depend less on the conformation of the macrocyclic platform, shifting by only 0.20 ppm upfield from cone 11 (7.39 ppm) to 1,3-alternate 15 (7.59 ppm) stereoisomers. This provides evidence of the shielding effect of neighboring aryl fragments in cone stereoisomer on the aryl protons of macrocycle ring. The tert-butyl groups proton signals of cone 11 were found upfield (1.07 ppm) in contrast to the same signals of 1,3-alternate 15 (1.19 ppm). This effect was related to the spatial location of the tert-butyl groups of 1,3-alternate stereoisomer shielded by neighboring fragments of the macrocycle. The proton signals in partial cone 13 differ from cone and 1,3-alternate due to the asymmetric structure of the macrocycle. The tert-butyl groups proton signals of partial cone 13 were recorded upfield (1.00, 1.10 and 1.27 ppm) as singlets with 2:1:1 intensity ratio. The oxymethylene proton signals were located in 4.40–4.77 ppm as two singlets and an AB–system. The aromatic ring proton signals are recorded at 7.67, 7.75, 7.01–7.65 ppm as two singlets and an AB–system. The amide group proton signals appeared in 8.31–8.48 ppm as broadened triplets. This effect of AB–systems in the 1H NMR spectra due to the asymmetry of partial cone stereoisomer structure shielded by neighboring aromatic fragments of the macrocycle.
It should be noted that the proton signals in the 1H NMR spectra of the compounds 10–15 containing halide anions, and the proton signals of salts 16–21 containing NTf2− anions have identical multiplicity and exert very similar chemical shifts. This can be explained by the ability of compounds to form solvent-separated ion pairs. The quartet observed in the 13C NMR spectra of compounds 16–21 at 120 ppm corresponds to the N(SO2CF3)2− anion. The obtained salts 10–21 were characterized by ESI mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of the compounds 10–15 showed peaks corresponding to one-, two-, three-, and four-charged molecular ions without one, two, three, and four bromide anions. The obtained data also confirm the formation of solvate-separated ion pairs by the compounds 10–21.

2.2. The Study of Thermal Stability of the Obtained Thiacalix[4]arene Based ILs

Melting point is one of the most important characteristics of ILs. Melting points of the synthesized thiacalix[4]arenes 10–21 are presented in Table 2. The replacement of halide ions by NTf2− ions leads to significant decrease of the melting points of the thiacalix[4]arenes by 39–55 °C. All synthesized macrocycles 16–21 containing NTf2− anions melt below 100 °C. It is well known that molecular packing density in the crystal lattice is a major factor affecting the melting point of the compound. More symmetrical molecules have denser packing in crystal and higher melting points. A comparison with the obtained results from previously published compounds with glycine residues [50] found that symmetrical 1,3-alternate and cone stereoisomers showed higher melting points than asymmetrical partial cone structures. Thus, our hypothesis of lowering the melting point of partial cone stereoisomers (the compounds 12, 13, 18, 19) due to their molecular asymmetry was confirmed experimentally. However, the decrease of the melting point of the targeted compounds due to aromatic fragments in amino acid residues was not confirmed. The melting points of the macrocycles containing glycine fragments are lower by 1–11 °C compared to stereoisomers with L-phenylalanine fragments. Apparently, these results can be explained by the interaction of L-phenylalanine fragments with each other and the formation of additional hydrophobic and π-π interactions, which leads to a denser molecular packing in the crystal lattice and an increase in the melting point of the compounds as a result.
High thermal stability is one of the characteristic properties of ILs [52,53]. The correlation between the obtained macrocyclic ILs structure and their thermal stability (influence of macrocycle conformation and amino acid residues) was investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Figure 1 shows the TG curves for the compounds 16–21. All obtained macrocyclic ILs were thermally stable (decomposition temperature Tonset = 305–327 °C). Glycine containing compounds decomposed at a higher temperature (by 3–19 °C) compared to the compounds containing L-phenylalanine fragments. Many low molecular weight compounds for biofuel technology are obtained by pyrolysis (thermal lysis) of oligo- and polypeptides at a temperature of 300–350 °C [54]. However, thermal decomposition of proteins occurs at temperatures between 175 and 250 °C. In our case, the decomposition temperature of the amino acids containing compounds 16–21 was significantly higher. The obtained results are also consistent with the literature data on the thermal stability of macrocyclic ILs [38,50]. Temperature data T10% and T50% corresponding to 10% and 50% weight loss on decomposition are presented in Table 3. These characteristics are important in materials thermal stability research. The difference between Tonset, T10% and T50% is the measure of decomposition rate [52,55]. Tonset and T10% of the studied compounds differ by 0–3 °C. The difference between Tonset and T50% is more considerable, namely 41–109 °C. These results correspond to decomposition rate of non-macrocyclic ILs containing quaternary ammonium fragments [56,57]. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating curves of the synthesized compounds (Figure S34) in the temperature range of 300–375 °C clearly show endo effects corresponding to the first stage of decomposition. The values of endo effects for the compounds 16, 18, 20 are similar (38–41 J/g) (Figure S34a). These values are larger for the compounds 17, 19, 21 (53–55 J/g) (Figure S34b). The further decomposition of the obtained compounds at temperatures above 375 °C is accompanied by exo effects.
The experimental results and determined correlations between the synthesized macrocyclic ILs structure and their thermal characteristics showed that the introduction of aromatic amino acid (L-phenylalanine) fragments into ammonium salts based on p-tert-butylthiacalixarene reduces the thermal stability by 3–19 °C compared to glycine containing compounds. The melting points of the L-phenylalanine derivatives were higher than glycine ones by 1–11 °C. Oligo- and polypeptides thermal stability literature data [58,59,60] show that protein thermal stability increase is associated with rise of the number of charged amino acid fragments in their structures capable of electrostatic and cation–π interactions [61]. The presence of amino acids with uncharged polar fragments in protein structures reduces their thermal stability due to biomolecule packing efficiency decrease [62]. Thus, the obtained macrocyclic ILs are considered as biomimetic models of oligo- and polypeptides with the same structural patterns. The obtained results can also be applied to design of sensor systems capable for target substrate recognition.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

All chemicals were purchased from Acros (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), and most of them were used as received without additional purification. Organic solvents were purified by standard procedures. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were obtained on the Bruker Avance-400 spectrometer (Bruker Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) (13C{1H} 100 MHz and 1H 400 MHz). Chemical shifts were determined against the signals of residual protons of deuterated solvent (DMSO-d6). The compounds concentration was equal to 3–5% by the weight in all records. The FTIR ATR spectra were recorded on the Spectrum 400 FT-IR spectrometer (Perkin–Elmer, Seer Green, Llantrisant, UK) with the Diamond KRS-5 attenuated total internal reflectance attachment (resolution 0.5 cm−1, accumulation of 64 scans, recording time 16 s in the wavelength range 400–4000 cm−1). Elemental analysis was performed on the Perkin–Elmer 2400 Series II instruments (Perkin–Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Melting points were determined using the Boetius Block apparatus (VEB Kombinat Nagema, Radebeul, Germany). Mass spectra (ESI) were recorded on an AmaZonX mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). The drying gas was nitrogen at 300 °C. The capillary voltage was 4.5 kV. The samples were dissolved in acetonitrile (concentration ~ 10−6 g mL−1). ESI HRMS experiments were performed at Agilent 6550 iFunnel Q-TOF LC/MS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), equipped with Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC. Simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of solid samples were performed using the thermoanalyzer STA 449F1 Jupiter (Netzsch, Germany) at the temperature range of 40–500 °C. The measurements were carried out in aluminum crucibles in a dynamic argon atmosphere (75 mL/min) at a temperature scanning rate of 10 °C/min. The weights of sample were 4.9–10.2 mg.
N-Bromoacetyl-glycine ethyl ester 5 and thiacalix[4]arenes 7–10, 14, 16, 20 were synthesized according to the literature procedures [50,63,64,65].

3.2. Procedure for the Synthesis of the Compound 4

L–Phenylalanine 2 (1 g, 6.05 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol in a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. Thionyl chloride (0.88 mL, 12.10 mmol) was added dropwise with stirring. The reaction mixture was left for 30 min at room temperature, then the reaction was carried out under heating for 4 h. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. Diethyl ether was added to the residue, after which the formed precipitate was filtered off. The obtained product was dried in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.

L–Phenylalanine Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride (4) [66]

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.07 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3CH2O), 3.01–3.20 (m, 2H, CH2Ph), 4.08 (m, 2H, CH3CH2O), 4.23 (m, 1H, NHCHCO), 7.22–7.35 (m, 5H, PhCH2), 8.64 (br.s, 3H, NH3+).

3.3. Procedure for the Synthesis of the Compound 6

The solution of Na2CO3 (3.46 g, 32.66 mmol) in 50 mL of water was added to the suspension of L-phenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride 4 (3.41 g, 14.85 mmol) in benzene (50 mL). The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0 °C and bromoacetyl bromide (2.6 mL, 30 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 h with controlling pH = 6.5 by adding acetic acid. The organic phase was separated on a separating funnel and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Then the benzene was removed on a rotary evaporator. The obtained product 6 was dried in vacuum over phosphorus oxide.

N-Bromoacetyl-L-Phenylalanine Ethyl Ester (6) [66]

1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.11 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3CH2O), 2.90–3.05 (m, 2H, CH2Ph), 3.86 (s, 2H, BrCH2CO), 4.06 (q, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH3CH2O), 4.45 (m, 1H, NHCHCO), 7.20–7.30 (m, 5H, PhCH2), 8.75 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, 1H, CONHCH).

3.4. General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Compounds 10–15

The compounds 7–9 (0.30 g, 0.023 mmol) were dissolved in 5 mL of acetonitrile in a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser. An equimolar amount per functional group (0.092 mmol) of the alkylating agent (N-bromoacetyl-glycine ethyl ester 5 or N-bromoacetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester 6) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 18 h. Then the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The obtained product was dried in vacuum over phosphorus oxide.

3.4.1. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix[4]arene Tetrabromide in cone Conformation (11)

Yield: 0.57 g (96%). M.p. 118 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.06 (s, 36H, (CH3)3C), 1.11 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.88 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 2.93 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.08 (s, 24H, (CH3)2N+), 3.20 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.45 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 4.02–4.13 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.55 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 4.80 (s, 8H, OCH2CO), 7.21–7.30 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.38 (s, 8H, ArH), 8.51 (br.s, 4H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.12. (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 13.9, 22.6, 30.7, 33.9, 35.4, 36.5, 51.1, 53.7, 60.9, 61.7, 62.8, 74.2, 126.7, 128.1, 128.3, 129.1, 134.4, 136.6, 146.7, 157.9, 163.1, 168.3, 170.6. Elemental analysis. C120H168Br4N12O20S4 C, 56.60; H, 6.65; Br, 12.55; N, 6.60; S, 5.04. Found: C, 56.72; H, 6.85; Br, 12.23; N, 6.43; S, 4.79. MS (ESI), m/z: calculated for 556.5 [M–4 Br−]4+, 1192.5 [M–2 Br−]2+; found: 556.6 [M–4 Br−]4+, 1193.0 [M–2 Br−]2+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1095 (COC), 1677 (C=O), 3191 (N–H).

3.4.2. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[ethoxycarbonylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene Tetrabromide in partial cone Conformation (12)

Yield: 0.477 g (94%). M.p. 105 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.00 (s, 18H, (CH3)3C), 1.14–1.21 (m, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.27 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.29 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.94 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.13 (s, 6H, (CH3)2N+), 3.19 (s, 18H, (CH3)2N+), 3.39 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.53 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.93 (d, 3JHH = 5.8 Hz, 8H, NHCH2CO), 4.07–4.13 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.40 (d, 2JHH = 13.6 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.49 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.51 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.80 (d, 2JHH = 13.6 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 7.01 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.65 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.67 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.32 (br.s, 2H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.42 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.50 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.05. (m, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 14.1, 22.6, 30.7, 31.0, 33.8, 35.5, 40.8, 51.3, 60.8, 61.8, 62.7, 72.6, 126.4, 127.1, 127.6, 128.1, 133.7, 134.0, 135.1, 135.4, 145.3, 145.7, 146.5, 157.2, 159.4, 163.7, 166.9, 168.0, 168.8, 169.1. Elemental analysis. C92H144Br4N12O20S4 C, 50.55; H, 6.64; Br, 14.62; N, 7.69; S, 5.87; Found: C, 51.52; H, 6.25; Br, 14.26; N, 7.47; S, 5.89. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 466.2370 [M–4 Br−]4+, 647.9557 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1012.3919 [M–2 Br−]2+; found: 466.2364 [M–4 Br−]4+, 647.9541 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1012.3937 [M–2 Br−]2+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1094 (COC), 1675 (C=O), 3207 (N–H).

3.4.3. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix[4]arene Tetrabromide in partial cone Conformation (13)

Yield: 0.551 g (93%). M.p. 110 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.00 (s, 18H, (CH3)3C), 1.10 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.27 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.28 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.85 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 2.90–2.93 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.03 (s, 6H, (CH3)2N+), 3.09 (s, 18H, (CH3)2N+), 3.13–3.24 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.46 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 4.01–4.13 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.42 (d, 2JHH = 13.5 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.48 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.51 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.55–4.60 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 4.79 (d, 2JHH = 13.5 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 7.01 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.22–7.30 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.65 (d, 2H, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, ArH), 7.67 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.31 (br.s, 2H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.41 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.48 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.12 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 14.0, 22.6, 28.8, 30.7, 31.0, 33.8, 34.0, 35.5, 36.5, 51.2, 53.7, 54.0, 60.7, 61.0, 61.6, 61.8, 62.8, 63.1, 72.6, 126.4, 126.7, 127.1, 127.6, 128.3, 129.2, 133.7, 134.1, 135.1, 135.4, 136.6, 145.3, 145.7, 146.5, 157.2, 159.4, 163.2, 166.9, 168.0, 168.8, 170.7. Elemental analysis. C120H168Br4N12O20S4 C, 56.60; H, 6.65; Br, 12.55; N, 6.60; S, 5.04; found: C, 56.52; H, 6.55; Br, 12.26; N, 6.47; S, 4.89. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 556.5348 [M–4 Br−]4+, 768.3527 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1192.4858 [M–2 Br−]2+; found: 556.5339 [M–4 Br−]4+, 768.3522 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1192.4872 [M–2 Br−]2+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1094 (COC), 1672 (C=O), 3187 (N–H).

3.4.4. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix[4]arene tetrabromide in 1,3-alternate Conformation (15)

Yield: 0.574 g (97%). M.p. 123 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.12 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.19 (s, 36H, (CH3)3C), 1.90 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.01 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.09 (s, 24H, (CH3)2N+), 3.15 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.45 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 4.00 (s, 8H, OCH2CO), 4.01–4.14 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.59 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 7.20–7.30 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.59 (s, 8H, ArH), 8.02 (br.s, 4H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.12 (d, 3JHH = 7.6 Hz, 4H, CONHCH).13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 13.9, 22.6, 30.7, 33.9, 35.4, 36.5, 51.1, 53.7, 60.9, 61.7, 62.8, 74.2, 126.7, 128.1, 128.3, 129.1, 134.5, 136.6, 146.7, 157.9, 163.1, 168.3, 170.6. Elemental analysis. C120H168Br4N12O20S4 C, 56.60; H, 6.65; Br, 12.55; N, 6.60; S, 5.04; found: C, 56.78; H, 6.26; Br, 12.21; N, 6.31; S, 4.07. MS (ESI), m/z: calculated: 556.5 [M–4 Br−]4+, 768.3 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1192.5 [M–2 Br−]2+, 2463.9 [M–Br−]+; found: 556.5 [M–4 Br−]4+, 768.9 [M–3 Br−]3+, 1193.5 [M–2 Br−]2+, 2464.0 [M–Br−]+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1086 (COC), 1675 (C=O), 3186 (N–H).

3.5. General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Compounds 16–21

The compounds 10–15 (0.10 g) were dissolved in 2 mL of water in a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and reflux condenser. An equimolar amount per functional group of the lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. The resulting precipitate was filtered off. The obtained product was dried in vacuum over phosphorus oxide.

3.5.1. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix[4]arene tetra[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] in cone Conformation (17)

Yield: 0.127 g (97%). M.p. 64 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.06 (s, 36H, (CH3)3C), 1.12 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.86 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 2.89–295 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.06 (s, 24H, (CH3)2N+), 3.20 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.42 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.98–4.09 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.57 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 4.79 (s, 8H, OCH2CO), 7.19–7.29 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.38 (s, 8H, ArH), 8.48 (br.s, 4H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.06 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 13.9, 22.6, 30.7, 33.9, 35.4, 36.6, 51.2, 53.5, 61.0, 61.7, 62.6, 74.2, 119.5 (1JCF = 322 Hz), 126.8, 128.1, 128.4, 129.1, 134.5, 136.5, 146.8, 158.0, 163.1, 168.3, 170.6. Elemental analysis. C128H168F24N16O36S12 C, 45.93; H, 5.06; F, 13.62; N, 6.69; S, 11.49; found: C, 45.72; H, 5.85; F, 13.23; N, 6.43; S, 11.79. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 556.5348 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3524 [M–3 NTf2−]3+; found: 556.5220 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3328 [M–3 NTf2−]3+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1094 (COC), 1668 (C=O), 3065 (N–H).

3.5.2. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[ethoxycarbonylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene tetra[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] in partial cone Conformation (18)

Yield: 0.131 g (96%). M.p. 50 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.00 (s, 18H, (CH3)3C), 1.14–1.20 (m, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.27 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.30 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.93 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.13 (s, 6H, (CH3)2N+), 3.18 (s, 18H, (CH3)2N+), 3.23–3.29 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.52 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.93 (d, 3JHH = 5.8 Hz, 8H, OCH2CH3), 4.07 (m, 8H, N+CH2CO), 4.13 (m, 8H, NHCH2CO), 4.39 (d, 2JHH = 13.6 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.49 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.51 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.78 (d, 2JHH = 13.6 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 7.01 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.65 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.68 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.31 (br.s, 2H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.41 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.50 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.05. (m, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 14.1, 22.6, 30.7, 31.0, 33.8, 35.5, 40.8, 51.3, 60.8, 61.8, 62.7, 72.6, 119.5 (1JCF = 322 Hz), 126.4, 127.1, 127.6, 128.1, 133.7, 134.0, 135.1, 135.4, 145.3, 145.7, 146.5, 157.2, 159.4, 163.7, 166.9, 168.0, 169.1. Elemental analysis. C100H144F24N16O36S12 C, 40.21; H, 4.86; F 15.26, N, 7.50; S, 12.88 found: C, 39.26; H, 4.46; F 15.08, N, 6.95; S, 12.49. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 466.2370 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 715.2898 [M–3 NTf2−]3+, 1212.8936 [M–2 NTf2−]2+; found: 466.2357 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 715.2875 [M–3 NTf2−]3+, 1212.8914 [M–2 NTf2−]2+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1):1094 (C–O–C), 1674 (C=O), 3207 (N–H).

3.5.3. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix[4]arene tetra[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] in partial cone Conformation (19)

Yield: 0.125 g (95%). M.p. 55 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.00 (s, 18H, (CH3)3C), 1.10 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.27 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.28 (s, 9H, (CH3)3C), 1.86 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 2.90–2.95 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.02 (s, 6H, (CH3)2N+), 3.08 (s, 18H, (CH3)2N+), 3.13–3.24 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.42–3.45 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 4.04–4.07 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.40 (d, 2JHH = 13.5 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.49 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.52 (s, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 4.56–4.61 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 4.79 (d, 2JHH = 13.5 Hz, 2H, OCH2C(O)), 7.02 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.21–7.28 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.65 (d, 4JHH = 2.4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.67 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.75 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.28 (br.s, 2H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.40 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 8.48 (br.s, 1H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.09. (m, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 13.9, 22.6, 30.7, 31.0, 33.8, 35.5, 36.6, 51.3, 53.6, 61.0, 61.7, 62.6, 72.6, 119.5 (1JCF = 322 Hz), 126.3, 126.8, 127.7, 128.4, 129.2, 133.7, 134.1, 135.2, 135.4, 136.6, 145.4, 145.7, 146.6, 157.3, 163.1, 168.0, 168.8, 170.7. Elemental analysis. C128H168F24N16O36S12 C, 45.93; H, 5.06; F, 13.62; N, 6.69; S, 11.49; found: C, 45.79; H, 5.00; F, 13.35; N, 6.43; S, 11.47. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 556.5348 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3524 [M–3 NTf2−]3+; found: 556.5206 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3283 [M–3 NTf2−]3+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1096 (COC), 1668 (C=O), 3064 (N–H).

3.5.4. 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis{N-[3′-(dimethyl{[(S)-ethoxycarbonylbenzylmethyl]aminocarbonylmethyl}ammonio)propyl]aminocarbonylmethoxy}-2,8,14,20-thiacalix [4]arene tetra[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] in 1,3-alternate Conformation (21)

Yield: 0.129 g (98%). M.p. 75 °C. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 1.12 (t, 3JHH = 7.1 Hz, 12H, CH3CH2O), 1.19 (s, 36H, (CH3)3C), 1.89 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 2.91–2.96 (m, 8H, CH2Ph), 3.08 (s, 24H, (CH3)2N+), 3.15 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.43 (m, 8H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 3.99 (s, 8H, OCH2CO), 4.03–4.07 (m, 16H, CH3CH2O, N+CH2CO), 4.59 (m, 4H, NHCHCO), 7.23–7.28 (m, 20H, Ph), 7.59 (s, 8H, ArH), 8.00 (br.s, 4H, NHCH2CH2CH2N+), 9.07 (d, 3JHH = 7.6 Hz, 4H, CONHCH). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 13.9, 22.6, 30.8, 33.9, 35.8, 36.6, 51.2, 53.6, 61.0, 61.7, 62.5, 71.0, 119.5 (1JCF = 322 Hz), 126.7, 127.6, 128.4, 129.2, 133.1, 136.6, 146.1, 157.2, 163.1, 167.4, 170.7. Elemental analysis. C128H168F24N16O36S12 C, 45.93; H, 5.06; F, 13.62; N, 6.69; S, 11.49; found C, 45.22; H, 5.05; F, 13.53; N, 6.09; S, 11.09. HRMS (ESI), m/z: calculated for: 556.5348 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3524 [M–3 NTf2−]3+; found: 556.5198 [M–4 NTf2−]4+, 835.3278 [M–3 NTf2−]3+. FTIR ATR (ν, cm−1): 1093 (COC), 1669 (C=O), 3064 (N–H).

4. Conclusions

Novel macrocyclic quaternary ammonium ILs containing amino acid fragments (glycine and L-phenylalanine) based on p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate conformations were synthesized. The melting temperature of the obtained ILs was found in the range of 50–75 °C. Replacement of the bromide anion with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide led to a decrease in the melting point by 39–55 °C. The ILs in partial cone conformation had the lowest melting points among all stereoisomers. Thermal stability of the obtained macrocyclic ILs was determined via thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The onset of decomposition of the synthesized compounds was established at 305–327 °C. The obtained results can be applied to the design of sensor systems capable for target substrate recognition. These compounds can also be used as synthetic biomimetic models of oligo- and polypeptides.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27228006/s1, Figures S1–S10: 1H NMR spectra of the compounds 4, 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21; Figures S11–S18: 13C NMR spectra of the compounds 4, 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21; Figures S19–S26: FT-IR spectra of the compounds 4, 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21; Figures S27–S33: HRMS spectra of the compounds 4, 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21; Figure S34: DSC curves of the compounds 16–21.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, I.S.; Project administration, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition and visualization, P.P.; writing—original draft preparation, investigation, O.T., A.B.; resources, formal analysis, A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by Russian Science Foundation, Russian Federation (grant № 19-73-10134, https://rscf.ru/en/project/19-73-10134/) (accessed on 1 November 2022).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

High resolution mass-spectrometry (ESI) has been carried out by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (‘PRIORITY-2030’).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Sample Availability

Samples of all obtained compounds are available from the authors.

References

  1. Patil, K.R.; Surwade, A.D.; Rajput, P.J.; Shaikh, V.R. Investigations of Solute–Solvent Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Amino Acids Ionic Liquids Having the Common Nitrate as Anion at Different Temperatures. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 329, 115546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Fabre, E.; Murshed, S.M.S. A Review of the Thermophysical Properties and Potential of Ionic Liquids for Thermal Applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 15861–15879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Nikfarjam, N.; Ghomi, M.; Agarwal, T.; Hassanpour, M.; Sharifi, E.; Khorsandi, D.; Ali Khan, M.; Rossi, F.; Rossetti, A.; Nazarzadeh Zare, E.; et al. Antimicrobial Ionic Liquid-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2104148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Xu, C.; Yang, G.; Wu, D.; Yao, M.; Xing, C.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, H.; Li, F.; Feng, Y.; Qi, S.; et al. Roadmap on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices. Chem. Asian J. 2021, 16, 549–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Minea, A.A.; Sohel Murshed, S.M. Ionic Liquids-Based Nanocolloids—A Review of Progress and Prospects in Convective Heat Transfer Applications. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Buettner, C.S.; Cognigni, A.; Schröder, C.; Bica-Schröder, K. Surface-Active Ionic Liquids: A Review. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 347, 118160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Correia, D.M.; Fernandes, L.C.; Fernandes, M.M.; Hermenegildo, B.; Meira, R.M.; Ribeiro, C.; Ribeiro, S.; Reguera, J.; Lanceros-Méndez, S. Ionic Liquid-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Maculewicz, J.; Świacka, K.; Stepnowski, P.; Dołżonek, J.; Białk-Bielińska, A. Ionic Liquids as Potentially Hazardous Pollutants: Evidences of Their Presence in the Environment and Recent Analytical Developments. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 437, 129353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Zhuang, W.; Hachem, K.; Bokov, D.; Javed Ansari, M.; Taghvaie Nakhjiri, A. Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review on Applications and Future Perspectives. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 349, 118145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Niu, H.; Wang, L.; Guan, P.; Zhang, N.; Yan, C.; Ding, M.; Guo, X.; Huang, T.; Hu, X. Recent Advances in Application of Ionic Liquids in Electrolyte of Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Energy Storage 2021, 40, 102659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Rauber, D.; Hofmann, A.; Philippi, F.; Kay, C.W.M.; Zinkevich, T.; Hanemann, T.; Hempelmann, R. Structure-Property Relation of Trimethyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids for Battery Applications. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Cho, C.-W.; Pham, T.P.T.; Zhao, Y.; Stolte, S.; Yun, Y.-S. Review of the Toxic Effects of Ionic Liquids. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 786, 147309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. El Seoud, O.A.; Keppeler, N.; Malek, N.I.; Galgano, P.D. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants: Recent Advances in Their Syntheses, Solution Properties, and Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Gonçalves, A.R.P.; Paredes, X.; Cristino, A.F.; Santos, F.J.V.; Queirós, C.S.G.P. Ionic Liquids—A Review of Their Toxicity to Living Organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Himani; Pratap Singh Raman, A.; Babu Singh, M.; Jain, P.; Chaudhary, P.; Bahadur, I.; Lal, K.; Kumar, V.; Singh, P. An Update on Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Toxicity of the ILs. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 364, 119989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Chen, Y.; Han, X.; Liu, Z.; Li, Y.; Sun, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, J. Thermal Decomposition and Volatility of Ionic Liquids: Factors, Evaluation and Strategies. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 366, 120336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Holbrey, J.D.; Seddon, K.R. The Phase Behaviour of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborates; Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Crystals. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1999, 13, 2133–2140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Shmukler, L.E.; Fedorova, I.V.; Fadeeva, Y.A.; Safonova, L.P. The Physicochemical Properties and Structure of Alkylammonium Protic Ionic Liquids of RnH4-nNX (n = 1–3) Family. A Mini–Review. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 321, 114350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Vereshchagin, A.N.; Frolov, N.A.; Egorova, K.S.; Seitkalieva, M.M.; Ananikov, V.P. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zhuravlev, O.E.; Voronchikhina, L.I.; Gorbunova, D.V. Comparative Characteristics of Thermal Stability of Quaternary Ammonium and Pyridinium Tetrachloroferrates. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2022, 92, 348–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Egorova, K.S.; Gordeev, E.G.; Ananikov, V.P. Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 7132–7189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Khachatrian, A.A.; Mukhametzyanov, T.A.; Yakhvarov, D.G.; Sinyashin, O.G.; Garifullin, B.F.; Rakipov, I.T.; Mironova, D.A.; Burilov, V.A.; Solomonov, B.N. Intermolecular Interactions between Imidazolium- and Cholinium-Based Ionic Liquids and Lysozyme: Regularities and Peculiarities. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 348, 118426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Melo, C.I.; Bogel-Łukasik, R.; Nunes da Ponte, M.; Bogel-Łukasik, E. Ammonium Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Drugs. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2013, 338, 209–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Bisht, M.; Jha, I.; Venkatesu, P. Comprehensive Evaluation of Biomolecular Interactions between Protein and Amino Acid Based-Ionic Liquids: A Comparable Study between [Bmim][Br] and [Bmim][Gly] Ionic Liquids. ChemistrySelect 2016, 1, 3510–3519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Schindl, A.; Hagen, M.L.; Muzammal, S.; Gunasekera, H.A.D.; Croft, A.K. Proteins in Ionic Liquids: Reactions, Applications, and Futures. Front. Chem. 2019, 7, 347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Ossowicz, P.; Klebeko, J.; Roman, B.; Janus, E.; Rozwadowski, Z. The Relationship between the Structure and Properties of Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2019, 24, 3252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Miao, S.; Atkin, R.; Warr, G. Design and Applications of Biocompatible Choline Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. Green Chem. 2022, 24, 7281–7304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Shukla, S.K.; Mikkola, J.-P. Use of Ionic Liquids in Protein and DNA Chemistry. Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 598662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Egorova, K.S.; Posvyatenko, A.V.; Larin, S.S.; Ananikov, V.P. Ionic Liquids: Prospects for Nucleic Acid Handling and Delivery. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 49, 1201–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Patel, R.; Kumari, M.; Khan, A.B. Recent Advances in the Applications of Ionic Liquids in Protein Stability and Activity: A Review. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2014, 172, 3701–3720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Egorova, K.S.; Seitkalieva, M.M.; Posvyatenko, A.V.; Ananikov, V.P. An Unexpected Increase of Toxicity of Amino Acid-Containing Ionic Liquids. Toxicol. Res. 2015, 4, 152–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Yadav, R.; Kahlon, N.K.; Kumar, S.; Devunuri, N.; Venkatesu, P. Biophysical Study on the Phase Transition Behaviour of Biocompatible Thermoresponsive Polymer Influenced by Tryptophan-Based Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. Polymer 2021, 228, 123871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Sahoo, D.K.; Jena, S.; Tulsiyan, K.D.; Dutta, J.; Chakrabarty, S.; Biswal, H.S. Amino-Acid-Based Ionic Liquids for the Improvement in Stability and Activity of Cytochrome c: A Combined Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Study. J. Phys. Chem. B 2019, 123, 10100–10109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Durga, G.; Kalra, P.; Kumar Verma, V.; Wangdi, K.; Mishra, A. Ionic Liquids: From a Solvent for Polymeric Reactions to the Monomers for Poly(Ionic Liquids). J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 335, 116540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Yang, B.; Yang, G.; Zhang, Y.-M.; Zhang, S.X.-A. Recent Advances in Poly(Ionic Liquid)s for Electrochromic Devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 4730–4741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Barrulas, R.V.; Zanatta, M.; Casimiro, T.; Corvo, M.C. Advanced Porous Materials from Poly(Ionic Liquid)s: Challenges, Applications and Opportunities. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 411, 128528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Thapaliya, B.P.; Puskar, N.G.; Slaymaker, S.; Feider, N.O.; Do-Thanh, C.-L.; Schott, J.A.; Jiang, D.; Teague, C.M.; Mahurin, S.M.; Dai, S. Synthesis and Characterization of Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids for CO2 Separation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2021, 60, 8218–8226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Ogoshi, T.; Ueshima, N.; Yamagishi, T.; Toyota, Y.; Matsumi, N. Ionic Liquid Pillar[5]Arene: Its Ionic Conductivity and Solvent-Free Complexation with a Guest. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zhou, J.; Rao, L.; Yu, G.; Cook, T.R.; Chen, X.; Huang, F. Supramolecular Cancer Nanotheranostics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 2839–2891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Wang, M.; Fang, S.; Yang, S.; Li, Q.; Khashab, N.M.; Zhou, J.; Huang, F. Separation of Ethyltoluene Isomers by Nonporous Adaptive Crystals of Perethylated and Perbromoethylated Pillararenes. Mater. Today Chem. 2022, 24, 100919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Selivanova, N.; Gubaidullin, A.; Padnya, P.; Stoikov, I.; Galyametdinov, Y. Phase Behaviour, Structural Properties and Intermolecular Interactions of Systems Based on Substituted Thiacalix[4]Arene and Nonionic Surfactants. Liq. Cryst. 2018, 46, 415–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Selivanova, N.M.; Zimina, M.V.; Padnya, P.L.; Stoikov, I.I.; Gubaidullin, A.T.; Galyametdinov, Y.G. Development of Efficient Luminescent Soft Media by Incorporation of a Hetero-Ligand Macrocyclic Terbium Complex into a Lyomesophase. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2020, 69, 1763–1770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Shurpik, D.N.; Padnya, P.L.; Stoikov, I.I.; Cragg, P.J. Antimicrobial Activity of Calixarenes and Related Macrocycles. Molecules 2020, 25, 5145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Yang, F.; Guo, H.; Jiao, Z.; Li, C.; Ye, J. Calixarene Ionic Liquids: Excellent Phase Transfer Catalysts for Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction in Water. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2012, 9, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Padnya, P.L.; Porfireva, A.V.; Evtugyn, G.A.; Stoikov, I.I. Solid Contact Potentiometric Sensors Based on a New Class of Ionic Liquids on Thiacalixarene Platform. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Padnya, P.L.; Terenteva, O.S.; Akhmedov, A.A.; Iksanova, A.G.; Shtyrlin, N.V.; Nikitina, E.V.; Krylova, E.S.; Shtyrlin, Y.G.; Stoikov, I.I. Thiacalixarene Based Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Promising Antibacterial Agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2021, 29, 115905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Podyachev, S.N.; Zairov, R.R.; Mustafina, A.R. 1,3-Diketone Calix[4]Arene Derivatives—A New Type of Versatile Ligands for Metal Complexes and Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021, 26, 1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Iampolska, A.D.; Kharchenko, S.G.; Voitenko, Z.V.; Shishkina, S.V.; Ryabitskii, A.B.; Kalchenko, V.I. Synthesis of Thiacalix[4]Arene Task-Specific Ionic Liquids. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2016, 191, 174–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Alishahi, N.; Mohammadpoor-Baltork, I.; Tangestaninejad, S.; Mirkhani, V.; Moghadam, M.; Kia, R. Calixarene Based Ionic Liquid as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines and Bis-pyridines. ChemistrySelect 2019, 4, 5903–5910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Padnya, P.L.; Andreyko, E.A.; Gorbatova, P.A.; Parfenov, V.V.; Rizvanov, I.K.; Stoikov, I.I. Towards Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids: Novel Ammonium Salts Based on Tetrasubstituted p-Tert-Butylthiacalix[4]Arenes. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 1671–1686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Zhang, S.; Sun, N.; He, X.; Lu, X.; Zhang, X. Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids: Database and Evaluation. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2006, 35, 1475–1517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Xu, C.; Cheng, Z. Thermal Stability of Ionic Liquids: Current Status and Prospects for Future Development. Processes 2021, 9, 337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Villanueva, M.; Coronas, A.; García, J.; Salgado, J. Thermal Stability of Ionic Liquids for Their Application as New Absorbents. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 15718–15727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Moldoveanu, S.C. Pyrolysis of Amino Acids and Small Peptides. In Pyrolysis of Organic Molecules, 2nd ed.; Moldoveanu, S.C., Ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2019; pp. 555–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Efimova, A.; Pfützner, L.; Schmidt, P. Thermal Stability and Decomposition Mechanism of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Halides. Thermochim. Acta 2015, 604, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Lorenzo, M.; Vilas, M.; Verdía, P.; Villanueva, M.; Salgado, J.; Tojo, E. Long-Term Thermal Stabilities of Ammonium Ionic Liquids Designed as Potential Absorbents of Ammonia. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 41278–41284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Kurnia, K.A.; Wilfred, C.D.; Murugesan, T. Thermophysical Properties of Hydroxyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2009, 41, 517–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Pucci, F.; Rooman, M. Improved Insights into Protein Thermal Stability: From the Molecular to the Structurome Scale. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 2016, 374, 20160141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Wingreen, N.S.; Li, H.; Tang, C. Designability and Thermal Stability of Protein Structures. Polymer 2004, 45, 699–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Maheshwari, A.S.; Archunan, G. Distribution of Amino Acids in Functional Sites of Proteins with High Melting Temperature. Bioinformation 2012, 8, 1176–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Jelesarov, I.; Karshikoff, A. Defining the Role of Salt Bridges in Protein Stability. Methods Mol. Biol. 2008, 490, 227–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Kumar, S.; Tsai, C.-J.; Nussinov, R. Factors Enhancing Protein Thermostability. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 2000, 13, 179–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Padnya, P.L.; Andreyko, E.A.; Mostovaya, O.A.; Rizvanov, I.K.; Stoikov, I.I. The Synthesis of New Amphiphilic P-Tert-Butylthiacalix[4]Arenes Containing Peptide Fragments and Their Interaction with DNA. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 5894–5904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Andreyko, E.A.; Padnya, P.L.; Stoikov, I.I. Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Water-Soluble Nanoparticles Based on Amphiphilic p-Tert-Butylthiacalix[4]Arenes with Silver Nitrate and Fluorescein. Colloids Surf. A 2014, 454, 74–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Andreyko, E.A.; Padnya, P.L.; Daminova, R.R.; Stoikov, I.I. Supramolecular “Containers”: Self-Assembly and Functionalization of Thiacalix[4]Arenes for Recognition of Amino- and Dicarboxylic Acids. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 3556–3565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Nazarova, A.; Shurpik, D.; Padnya, P.; Mukhametzyanov, T.; Cragg, P.; Stoikov, I. Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Architectures by the Effect of Amino Acid Residues of Quaternary Ammonium Pillar[5]Arenes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 27 08006 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) SOCl2, ethanol; (ii) BrCH2C(O)Br, NaHCO3, benzene/water.
Scheme 1. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) SOCl2, ethanol; (ii) BrCH2C(O)Br, NaHCO3, benzene/water.
Molecules 27 08006 sch001
Molecules 27 08006 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) N-bromoacetyl-amino acid ethyl esters 5 or 6, acetonitrile; and (ii) LiN(SO2CF3)2, water.
Scheme 2. Reagents and reaction conditions: (i) N-bromoacetyl-amino acid ethyl esters 5 or 6, acetonitrile; and (ii) LiN(SO2CF3)2, water.
Molecules 27 08006 sch002
Molecules 27 08006 g001 550
Figure 1. TG curves of the compounds with Gly: (a) 16 (green), 18 (blue), 20 (red), and L-Phe: (b) 17 (green), 19 (blue), 21 (red) fragments (dynamic argon atmosphere of 75 mL/min in the temperature range from 40 to 500 °C).
Figure 1. TG curves of the compounds with Gly: (a) 16 (green), 18 (blue), 20 (red), and L-Phe: (b) 17 (green), 19 (blue), 21 (red) fragments (dynamic argon atmosphere of 75 mL/min in the temperature range from 40 to 500 °C).
Molecules 27 08006 g001
Table
Table 1. Chemical shifts (ppm) and spin-spin coupling constants (Hz) in the 1H NMR spectra of the compounds 10–21 (DMSO-d6, 298 K, 400 MHz).
Table 1. Chemical shifts (ppm) and spin-spin coupling constants (Hz) in the 1H NMR spectra of the compounds 10–21 (DMSO-d6, 298 K, 400 MHz).
CompoundsAmino Acid Fragments/AniontBuOCH2ArHNHCH2CH2CH2N+
10 (cone) *Gly/Br−1.125.037.368.68
11 (cone)L-Phe/Br−1.074.817.398.50
12 (partial cone)Gly/Br−1.00, 1.17, 1.274.40 (2JHH = 13.6 Hz), 4.49, 4.51, 4.80 (2JHH = 13.6 Hz)7.67, 7.01 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.758.36, 8.45, 8.50
13 (partial cone)L-Phe/Br−1.00, 1.10, 1.274.42 (2JHH = 13.5 Hz), 4.48, 4.51, 4.79 (2JHH = 13.5 Hz)7.67, 7.01 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.758.31, 8.41, 8.48
14 (1,3-alternate) *Gly/Br−1.203.997.608.04
15 (1,3-alternate)L-Phe/Br−1.194.007.598.02
16 (cone) *Gly/NTf2−1.114.897.358.48
17 (cone)L-Phe/NTf2−1.064.797.388.48
18 (partial cone)Gly/NTf2−1.00, 1.27, 1.304.39 (2JHH = 13.6 Hz), 4.49, 4.51, 4.78 (2JHH = 13.6 Hz)7.67, 7.01 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.758.31, 8.41, 8.50
19 (partial cone)L-Phe/NTf2−1.00, 1.27, 1.284.40 (2JHH = 13.5 Hz), 4.49, 4.52, 4.79 (2JHH = 13.5 Hz)7.67, 7.02 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.65 (4JHH = 2.4 Hz), 7.758.28, 8.40, 8.48
20 (1,3-alternate) *Gly/NTf2−1.203.997.598.03
21 (1,3-alternate)L-Phe/NTf2−1.193.997.598.00
* previously published data [50].
Table
Table 2. Melting points (°C) of the macrocycles 10–21 containing amino acid fragments.
Table 2. Melting points (°C) of the macrocycles 10–21 containing amino acid fragments.
Amino Acid FragmentsBr−N(SO2CF3)2−
ConePartial Cone1,3-alternateConePartial Cone1,3-alternate
Gly114 * (10)105 (12)112 * (14)63 * (16)50 (18)73 * (20)
L-Phe118 (11)110 (13)123 (15)64 (17)55 (19)75 (21)
* previously published data [50].
Table
Table 3. TG data for the macrocyclic ILs 16–21 (°C).
Table 3. TG data for the macrocyclic ILs 16–21 (°C).
CompoundsAmino Acid FragmentsTonsetT10%T50%
16(cone)Gly320320405
18 (partial cone)324321365
20 (1,3-alternate)327329391
17 (cone)L-Phe317314389
19 (partial cone)305305414
21 (1,3-alternate)323321382
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Terenteva, O.; Bikmukhametov, A.; Gerasimov, A.; Padnya, P.; Stoikov, I. Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids with Amino Acid Residues: Synthesis and Influence of Thiacalix[4]arene Conformation on Thermal Stability. Molecules 2022, 27, 8006. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228006

AMA Style

Terenteva O, Bikmukhametov A, Gerasimov A, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids with Amino Acid Residues: Synthesis and Influence of Thiacalix[4]arene Conformation on Thermal Stability. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):8006. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228006

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terenteva, Olga, Azamat Bikmukhametov, Alexander Gerasimov, Pavel Padnya, and Ivan Stoikov. 2022. "Macrocyclic Ionic Liquids with Amino Acid Residues: Synthesis and Influence of Thiacalix[4]arene Conformation on Thermal Stability" Molecules 27, no. 22: 8006. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228006

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop