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Article

Perfluorination of Aromatic Compounds Reinforce Their van der Waals Interactions with Rare Gases: The Rotational Spectrum of Pentafluoropyridine-Ne

by
Alberto Macario
1,†,
Susana Blanco
1,
Ibon Alkorta
2 and
Juan Carlos López
1,*
1
Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
2
Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current Address: Département de Physique Moléculaire, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), CNRS-UMR 6251, Université de Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
Molecules 2022, 27(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010017
Submission received: 8 November 2021 / Revised: 15 December 2021 / Accepted: 17 December 2021 / Published: 21 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopic Characterization of Molecular Clusters and Large Amplitude Motions)
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Abstract

:
The rotational spectrum of the pentafluoropyridine-Ne complex, generated in a supersonic jet, has been investigated using chirped-pulse microwave Fourier transform spectroscopy in the 2–8 GHz range. The spectra of the 20Ne and 22Ne species have been observed, and the rotational constants have been used to determine the structure of the complex. This structure, and those of the previously experimentally studied complexes benzene-Ne and pyridine-Ne, are an excellent benchmark for the theoretical calculations on these adducts. These complexes and hexafluorobenzene-Ne have been investigated at the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) level. The calculations reproduce the experimental structures well and show how the van der Waals complexes are stronger for the perfluorinated compound.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Supersonic jet expansions have been widely used to generate intermolecular complexes of diverse nature, which are studied by spectroscopic methods to characterize the noncovalent forces responsible for their formation. Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy (FTMW) combined with supersonic jets with reinforced high resolution and sensitivity [1,2,3,4] has contributed to the study of challenging molecular systems, including weakly bound molecular complexes [5]. This technique makes possible the unambiguous discrimination between different isomers, including tautomers, conformers, or isotopomers. The spatial mass distribution of such species has unique spectroscopic constants and distinct individual rotational spectra, a key feature that makes FTMW techniques powerful tools [6] in cases where other techniques may struggle. Complexes generated in supersonic expansions are isolated species that can be characterized in absence of intermolecular forces existing in condensed phases. This provides an ideal environment to investigate their intrinsic properties, structure, and interactions, which can be benchmarked with the results of theoretical calculations [7].
Aggregates formed by a molecule and a rare gas (RG) atom, generally that used to drive the expansion, have been studied to characterize the van der Waals interactions due to dispersion forces [8]. These forces have an important role in the stabilization of biological systems and materials [9], and have been also studied in complexes or rare gases present in the upper atmosphere with oxygen molecules in excited electronic states [10]. Aromatic rings offer a relatively large surface for dispersion interaction forces, so these kinds of molecules have often been used to model the interactions with rare gas atoms. Complexes of the prototype rings, benzene (BZ), with He [11], Ne [12,13], Ar [13,14], Kr [15], and Xe [13], or pyridine (PY), with He [16], Ne [17,18,19,20], Ar [19,21,22], and Kr [21], have been studied. Complexes of RG atoms with other six-membered ring aromatic molecules such as pyrimidine [23,24], pyridazine [25,26], and fluorobenzene [27,28,29] or fluoropyridine [30] derivatives have also been characterized.
The structure of molecule-RG atom complexes has been investigated through the observation of the rotational spectra of different isotopologues, including those of RG atoms. Although those parameters are often affected by intermolecular vibrations, it has been possible to investigate the geometry of the heterodimers, which in the case of the benzene-RG complex corresponds to a C6v symmetry where the RG atom lies along the C6 benzene symmetry axis [13,14]. For pyridine-RG complexes, the RG atom is above the ring plane but is considerably shifted towards the N atom [16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. The rotation of the RG atom to explore both sides of the ring would give rise to two equivalent forms; however, with the exception of He [11,16], the barriers hindering this flipping motion are high enough to prevent the observation of tunneling effects. In many cases, under the assumption that the RG stretching motion can be isolated from bending vibrations, the dissociation energies of these complexes have been estimated from the ΔJ centrifugal distortion constants based on the pseudodiatomic approximation [17,20,22,23,24,25]. Additionally, in some cases, information about the bending motions has been obtained [24,31].
The complexes of perfluorinated aromatic rings such as hexafluorobenzene (F6BZ) or pentafluoropyridine (F5PY) with water [32,33] ammonia [34], and formaldehyde [35] have led to important conclusions about the changes induced by perfluorination in the aromatic π-cloud. The aromatic π-cloud acts, in general, as a Lewis base in noncovalent interactions. Fluorine atoms withdraw the electron density of the π-cloud region, creating a π-hole [36] which acts as a Lewis acid [37,38,39,40] that can interact with lone-pair-bearing atoms and enhance anion-π interactions [39,41,42]. In fact, in the complexes of F6BZ or F5PY with water, ammonia, or formaldehyde, the O or N lone pairs of these small molecules point directly toward the center of the ring, showing the existence of lone-pair···π-hole interactions. These interactions show almost equal contributions of electrostatic and dispersion forces [34,35], but the changes in the structures from O–H···π, N–H···π in the BZ–H2O or BZ–NH3 or N···C=O (n→ π*) in PY-CH2O to the H2O···π-hole, H3N···π-hole or H2C=O···π-hole in F6BZ and F5PY complexes can probably be attributed mainly to electrostatic changes. An investigation of the effects of perfluorination on the π-cloud and their implications on the dispersion forces contributing to the formation of complexes has not been conducted. In this paper we characterized the structure of the complex F5PY-Ne from the rotational spectrum. We compared the structure of this complex with previous experimental results on PY-Ne. Furthermore, a comparative study on the theoretically calculated energies and binding properties of BZ-Ne, PY-Ne, F6BZ-Ne and F5PY–Ne was carried out.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Rotational Spectrum

We recently studied the broadband rotational spectrum of the complex F5PY-CH2O [35], generated in a supersonic jet driven by an expansion of Ne. In the spectrum, the most intense lines were those of the monomers, followed by those of the complex F5PY-H2O. Several sets of rotational lines having a similar intensity to those of F5PY-CH2O lines remained unassigned (see Figure S1 [35]). Those lines show the quadrupole coupling hyperfine structure (hfs) of a species carrying a 14N nucleus (see Figure 1). This hfs results from the interaction of the nuclear quadrupole moment of the 14N nucleus (I = 1), eQ, with the electric field gradient, q, at the site of the N nucleus. The corresponding spectroscopic constants, χαβ (α, β = a, b, c), are the elements of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor, set up in the inertial principal axis system representation, and are a direct measure of the electric field gradient at the nitrogen nucleus (χαβ = eQqαβ). FTMW spectroscopy has enough resolution to detect and resolve the individual quadrupole hyperfine components (see Figure 1). Once the lines of all known species were dropped from the spectrum, a search of possible species was conducted to identify the unknown spectra. Among the possible species, those corresponding to complexes of the molecules in the mixture with the carrier gas should be considered; in this case, the complex F5PY-Ne. Using the calculated rotational parameters for this complex, a prediction of the spectrum in the 2–8 GHz region was made. According to the predictions, this van der Waals complex has only the μb type spectrum. The results of the theoretical calculations were valuable in the identification of rotational lines based on the frequency patterns and quadrupole coupling hyperfine structure. The quadrupole coupling constants are related to the electronic environment of this nucleus, and in this case, strongly depend on the orientation of the nitrogen atom in the principal inertial axis system. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the predicted spectrum for F5PY-Ne (upper blue trace), with the observed one (black lower trace) in the 5.0–5.6 GHz range. In this figure, it is illustrated how the R-branch transitions J + 10,J + 1 ← J1,J and J + 11,J + 1 ← J0,J or J + 1J + 1,1 ← JJ,0 and J + 1J + 1,0 ← JJ,1 formed well-defined doublets which were identified from frequency and intensity patterns for the parent species, and for the 22Ne isotopologue with a natural abundance ratio 22Ne/20Ne = 1/3. In the excerpt, it can be seen how the comparison of the predicted and observed quadrupole coupling hyperfine structure patterns confirms the assignment.
The assignments of the complete μb-type spectra were followed from successive fitting-prediction-measurement cycles. The analysis of the spectrum was conducted [43] using a Hamiltonian H = HR(A) + HQ, where HR(A) represents Watson’s A-reduced semirigid rotor Hamiltonian in the Ir representation [44] and HQ is the nuclear quadrupole coupling interaction term [45]. The determinable spectroscopic parameters are the rotational constants, the centrifugal distortion constants, and the elements of the nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor χ. Usually, for 14N only the diagonal elements of the tensor are determined. The experimental constants determined for the F5PY-20Ne and F5PY-22Ne isotopologues of the complex are collected in Table 1, where they are compared to those calculated at the CCSC/6-311++G(2d,p) level. The parameters calculated at other levels are listed in Table S1. The observed frequencies are collected in Tables S9 and S10.

2.2. Structure of the Complex

The comparison of the rotational constants, the corresponding inertial Iα and planar moments Pαα (α = a, b, or c), and the quadrupole coupling constants χαα of F5PY-Ne with those of the monomer, F5PY, provides experimental insights into the structure of the complex (see Table 2 and Figure 2). F5PY is a planar molecule with C2v symmetry. The C2 axis is coincident with the inertial axis b and the plane of the molecule is coincident with the σab inertial plane, while the symmetry plane perpendicular to the molecule can be identified as the σbc. In correspondence, the planar moment P c c = ( I a + I b − I c ) / 2 = ∑ i m i c i 2 , giving the mass extension out of the ab inertial plane, is nearly zero for F5PY (see Table 2 and Figure 2, where the principal axes of F5PY are labeled with a prime). The changes in the rotational parameters upon complexation give interesting clues about the structure and symmetry of the F5PY-Ne adduct. Pcc is rather large for the cluster (see Table 2), indicating that Ne lies above (or below) the F5PY ring plane. The planar moment Paa, giving the mass extension out of the bc plane, is nearly the same for the monomer and the cluster (see Table 2). This proves that the Ne lies in the σbc molecular plane, which is preserved as a symmetry plane upon formation of the complex, thus giving a Cs symmetry of F5PY-Ne. Furthermore, the rotational constant C changes just about 1% indicating that the Ne atom lies close to the c inertial axis. It is worth noting that the Paa values show a slight decrease when going from F5PY to F5PY-20Ne or F5PY-22Ne, revealing the contribution of large-amplitude intermolecular vibrations in the complex to this planar moment.
The χaa, χbb, and χcc quadrupole coupling constants shown in Table 2 are the diagonal elements of the quadrupole coupling tensor set up in the principal inertial axis system. For F5PY, due to the C2v symmetry, the principal quadrupole coupling axis and inertial axis systems are coincident (i.e., a→y, b→z, c→x) [35,46], so the quadrupole coupling tensor is diagonal. The conservation of the σbc plane as a symmetry plane in the complex implies that the coincidence of the a inertial and y quadrupole coupling axes is also preserved in the complex. This can be deduced from the near equality of the χaa quadrupole coupling constant in F5PY and F5PY-Ne (see Table 2). The orientation of the b and c inertial axes of the aggregate results from the rotation of the monomer axes by an angle θbb’ as defined in Figure 2. Using a value of θbb’ = 11.0° to transform the experimental quadrupole coupling tensor constants of the monomer into those expected for the adduct, it gives χbb = −3.737 MHz and χcc = 1.771 MHz, values, very close to the experimental values of F5PY-20Ne (see Table 2). An angle of 13.1° gives χbb = −3.648 MHz and χcc = 1.682 MHz, close to the values of F5PY-22Ne. This evidences that the electric field gradient, and thus the electronic environment around the N atom, is not altered upon formation of the complex.
The degree of agreement between the experimental and calculated inertial data is better appreciated if we take the values of the planar moments of inertia P α α . The three translational motions of the isolated Ne are replaced by three low-energy large-amplitude vibrational modes upon formation of the complex. Due to these van der Waals motions, which may add vibration-rotation interaction contributions to the moments of inertia, the usual methods for structure determination may supply poor results. One of these vibrations is a stretching νs, and the other two, νra and νrb, can be associated to rotations of Ne around F5PY. For small displacements around the equilibrium structure these are described as nearly degenerate displacements of Ne in trajectories parallel to a (νra) and b (νrb) axes. The frequencies calculated at B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(2d,p) are νs = 53.1 cm−1, νra = 22.2 cm−1, and νrb = 24.6 cm−1. The frequencies calculated with the MP2 method and the same basis set are νs = 48.1 cm−1, νra = 18.4 cm−1 and νrb = 18.5 cm−1. It can be seen in Table 1, Table 2, and Table S1 that the planar moments Paa and Pbb are well-described theoretically in correspondence with the good description of F5PY rotational parameters at the levels of calculation used (see Table S2) [35]. The main discrepancies come from the planar moment Pcc, which is highly dependent on the position of the Ne atom relative to the ring. In this case, the best description is made at the CCSD level. Part of these discrepancies may arise from the intermolecular vibrational contributions, in particular stretching vibrations, which may result in larger Pcc experimental values corresponding with average ground vibrational state Ne-ring distances larger than those corresponding to equilibrium. As observed previously [35], the best agreement for the quadrupole coupling constants is obtained at MP2/6-311++G(2d,p) level.
The structure of F5PY-Ne has been further investigated from the analysis of the rotational parameters of the two observed isotopologues, by using the substitution (rs [47,48]), effective (r0 [49]), and mass dependence (rm [49,50]) methods, as illustrated in Figure 2. The substitution, rs, method compares the inertial moments of the parent and monosubstituted isotopologues through the Kraitchman equations [47] to give the absolute values of the substituted atom coordinates—in this case, Ne—in the principal inertial axis system of the parent molecule. The signs of the coordinates can be assigned from any reasonable geometry as effective (r0) or theoretical (re) structures. This experimental approach has some limitations in locating atoms close to the principal inertial axes, or for light atoms such as hydrogen. The rs coordinates of Ne in the complex are given in Table 3, where these are compared with those from the r0 method and theoretical CCSD calculations.
A total or partial effective r0 structure can be obtained when bond distances and angles are obtained from a least-squares fit of the inertial moments of all observed isotopologues. For F5PY-Ne, we have assumed that the structure of F5PY does not change upon complexation, so the previously determined r0 structure [35] was kept fixed to determine the r(N-Ne) distance and ∠C4-N-Ne angle. The results are given in Table 3 and summarized in Figure 2, where it can be seen that the r0 value of the angle θ is in good agreement with that calculated from the quadrupole coupling parameters, if we take into account that these may be affected by the effects of intermolecular vibrations. The comparison of the experimental structures with those derived theoretically at the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) level shown in Table 3, or with other methods (see Table S3) reflect the same degree of agreement pointed out when comparing the experimental values of the planar moments (see above); the main discrepancies come from the distance between the Ne atom and the ring plane. The CCSD method gives the closest results and nicely reproduces the rs values for F5PY-Ne. The CCSD predictions could then be considered reasonable, taking into account that the experimental r0 data might be more affected by intermolecular vibration contributions, giving rise to larger distances.

2.3. Comparison with Related Complexes

The experimental and CCSD geometry of F5PY-Ne is compared in Table 4 with those of the three related complexes, PY-Ne, F6BZ-Ne, and BZ-Ne. The geometrical parameters given are the distance R from Ne to the ring center of mass, and the angle φ between the line from Ne to the ring center of mass and a line perpendicular to the ring plane (Figure 3). These parameters allow a direct comparison with the geometries of two of these complexes, PY-Ne and BZ-Ne, already described experimentally. In all cases, the computational results reproduce well the rs values for F5PY-Ne and the equilibrium re values derived from fitting the rotational parameters to Lennard-Jones type potential energy functions for the intramolecular stretching motions for PY-Ne [17] and BZ-Ne [13]. In the case of the r0 values, the experimental distances are always larger than the predicted equilibrium distances, and this fact may reflect the contribution of large-amplitude intermolecular vibrations, especially the stretching vibrations to the ground vibrational state parameters. The longest predicted intermolecular R distances are obtained for the complexes of the hydrogenated aromatic rings (PY-Ne and BZ-Ne). The perfluorination of the aromatic systems decreases the intermolecular distance around 0.1 Å. The changes in the structures of PY-Ne and F5PY-Ne are sketched in Figure 3. In both, the RG atom is shifted towards the N atom, but in F5PY-Ne it is closer to the ring plane.

2.4. Binding Energies

The calculated binding energies at the CCSD(T) computational level and the DFT-SAPT contributions have been gathered in Table 5. As in the case of the intermolecular distances, the binding energies for the neon complexes of the hydrogenated aromatic systems are smaller than the perfluorinated ones by approx. 2 kJ mol−1. The DFT-SAPT partition shows that in all cases, dispersion is the most important contribution, with values between −3.1 and −3.9 kJ mol−1. The values of the dispersion term increase with the molecular weight of the aromatic system. A comparison of these values with those obtained with the empirical D3(BJ) method provides an excellent linear correlation (R2 = 0.99, see Figure S2). The second most important term is the repulsive exchange that also increases with the molecular weight of the aromatic system from 2.2 kJ mol−1 in PY-Ne to 3.3 kJ mol−1 in Bz-Ne. The other three attractive terms have small contributions with the following trend in absolute value in each complex: electrostatic > δHF > Induction.
The electron density analysis of the complexes shows the presence of three intermolecular BCPs in the F5PY-Ne complex (see Figure 4), one in the PY-Ne and six in the BZ-Ne and F6BZ-Ne ones (see the molecular graphs in Tables S5–S8). The values of the electron density of all the intermolecular BCPs are very close to what is considered to be the van der Waals limit in QTAIM theory (0.002 au). The largest value is obtained in the F6BZ-Ne complex (0.0027 au) and the smallest is obtained in the PY-Ne one (0.0022 au). Thus, the electron density values also are in concordance of very weak interactions between the two molecules. The NCIPlot analysis shows a region of weak interaction between the neon atom and the aromatic system (see Figure 4 for the F5PY-Ne complex).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Theoretical Methods

Starting values of the rotational parameters were obtained from optimization of the F5PY-Ne complex geometries using B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(2d,p) [51,52,53], MP2/6-311++G(2d,p) [54,55], usually giving good predictions of the 14N quadrupole coupling constants [56], and MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ levels [57]. The results are collected in Table S1 of the supporting information. Finally, the geometry of the isolated molecules and complexes was optimized at the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) computational level. In order to improve the energetic description, a single point calculation at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,p) [58] was performed using the previously obtained geometries. These calculations were carried out with the Gaussian-16 program [59]. The binding energy of the complexes was analyzed with the DFT-SAPT [60,61] method in the Molpro program [62], using the PBE0 functional [63] and the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. The electronic characteristics of the complexes were analyzed with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) [64] and the NCIPlot [65] using the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) wavefunction.

3.2. Experimental Methods

A commercial sample of F5PY was used. The spectrum of the F5PY-Ne complex was created in a supersonic jet of Ne and investigated using a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer (CP-FTMW) [66], described elsewhere [67], and a narrowband Fabry–Perot Fourier transform microwave spectrometer (FP-FTMW) [68,69]. F5PY was kept at room temperature in a deposit inserted in the gas line close to the solenoid valve in both spectrometers. In the CP-FTMW instrument, which covers the 2–8 GHz frequency range, the spectra were recorded in steps of 2 GHz. The carrier gas was Ne at backing pressures of about 2 bar, expanding through a 0.8 mm nozzle in pulses of 700 μs duration. Chirp pulses of 4 μs were created by an arbitrary waveform generator and amplified to 20 W. The polarization signal was radiated from a horn antenna in a direction perpendicular to that of the expanding gas. A molecular transient emission spanning 40 μs was then detected through a second horn, recorded with a digital oscilloscope, and Fourier-transformed to the frequency domain. The accuracy of frequency measurements was higher than 10 kHz. In the FP-FTMW instrument, operated in the 5–13 GHz frequency range, Ne was also used at stagnation pressures ranging up to 2 bar, expanding in pulses of about 800 μs through a 0.8 mm nozzle. Short (typ. 0.3 μs, 10–300 mW) microwave pulses were used for polarization purposes. Typically, a ca. 400 μs-length time-domain spectrum was recorded at 40–100 ns intervals and converted to the frequency domain by a fast Fourier transformation. Due to the collinear arrangement of the jet and resonator axis, each rotational transition split into two Doppler components, so the resonant frequencies were taken as the arithmetic mean of both components. Frequency accuracy was lower than 3 kHz. The rotational spectra of the 22Ne isotopologue was observed in its natural abundance.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we studied the rotational spectrum of the complex F5PY-Ne to characterize its structure and properties. These data, together with those from the rotational spectra of the complexes of BZ [12,13] and PY [17,18,19,20] with Ne, were used as a benchmark for the theoretical data obtained on these complexes using CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) level with excellent results. The calculations were extended to the complex F6BZ-Ne to investigate the effects of perfluorination of BZ and PY in the interaction of these compounds with Ne. The experimental and theoretical results show that the van der Waals distances are shorter by ca. 0.1 Å in the perfluorinated compounds, indicating the latter are strongly bound. The binding energies calculated for the complexes corroborate this conclusion, since the energies of BZ-Ne and PY-Ne (−2.9 kcal mol−1) are smaller than the values (−4.9 kcal mol−1) of perfluorinated compounds.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, Complete reference [59]; Figure S1: Observed broadband FTMW spectrum (2–8 GHz) of a mixture of C5F5N (*) and CH2CO (°) (reference [35]). Figure S2: Correlation between the dispersion component of the DFT-SAPT energy and the D3(BJ) correction; Table S1: Predicted Rotational parameters for the perfluoropyridine···Ne complex at different levels of theory; Table S2: Observed and predicted perfluoropyridine rotational parameters [34]; Table S3: Principal inertial axis rs coordinates of the neon atom of pentafluoropyridine···Ne complex; Table S4: r0 geometry of pentafluoropyridine···Ne complex; Tables S5–S8: Molecular graphs, Optimized geometries, and energies at CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) computational level for the complexes studied in this work; Tables S9 and S10: Observed rotational transitions and residuals of the parent and 22Ne isotopologues.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; methodology, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; software, I.A., J.C.L.; validation, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; formal analysis, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; investigation, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; data curation, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; writing—original draft preparation, J.C.L.; writing—review and editing, A.M., S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; supervision, S.B., A.M. and I.A.; projects administration, S.B., I.A. and J.C.L.; funding acquisition, S.B., I.A. and J.C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain, Grant CTQ2016-75253-P, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain, Grant No. PGC2018-094644-B-C22 and Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Grant no. P2018/EMT-4329 AIRTEC-CM).

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting reported results can be found as supplementary material available online. Any other data concerning this research can be requested from the authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are commercially available.

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Molecules 27 00017 g001 550
Figure 1. A section of the CP-FTMW spectrum in the 5.0–5.6 GHz region recorded from a supersonic jet expansion of F5PY diluted in Ne. The comparison with the prediction of the spectrum carried out from the rotational parameters predicted at CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) (upper blue inverted trace) for F5PY-Ne complex helps to identify the patterns of the 40,4←31,3, 41,4←30,3 and 33,1←22,0, 33,0←22,1 doublets for both the parent (blue arrow) and 22Ne (red arrow) isotopologues. The excerpt compares the observed and predicted 14N quadrupole coupling hyperfine structure for the 33,0←22,1 transition where the components are identified by the quantum number F, taking values from (J + I) to (J − I) reflecting the coupling between the overall rotation moment (J) and 14N nuclear spin moments (I = 1).
Figure 1. A section of the CP-FTMW spectrum in the 5.0–5.6 GHz region recorded from a supersonic jet expansion of F5PY diluted in Ne. The comparison with the prediction of the spectrum carried out from the rotational parameters predicted at CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) (upper blue inverted trace) for F5PY-Ne complex helps to identify the patterns of the 40,4←31,3, 41,4←30,3 and 33,1←22,0, 33,0←22,1 doublets for both the parent (blue arrow) and 22Ne (red arrow) isotopologues. The excerpt compares the observed and predicted 14N quadrupole coupling hyperfine structure for the 33,0←22,1 transition where the components are identified by the quantum number F, taking values from (J + I) to (J − I) reflecting the coupling between the overall rotation moment (J) and 14N nuclear spin moments (I = 1).
Molecules 27 00017 g001
Molecules 27 00017 g002 550
Figure 2. The structure of F5PY-Ne adduct: (a) The CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) predicted structure is drawn with a translucent Ne atom to show the location of the Ne atom (white small sphere) according to the rs coordinates. (b) The structure gives the values of the r0 and re (MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ) van der Waals bonding parameters. (c) The location of the F5PY and F5PY-Ne inertial axes is shown together with the definition of the angle θ. rcm is the F5PY center of mass and rc is the ring centroid.
Figure 2. The structure of F5PY-Ne adduct: (a) The CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) predicted structure is drawn with a translucent Ne atom to show the location of the Ne atom (white small sphere) according to the rs coordinates. (b) The structure gives the values of the r0 and re (MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ) van der Waals bonding parameters. (c) The location of the F5PY and F5PY-Ne inertial axes is shown together with the definition of the angle θ. rcm is the F5PY center of mass and rc is the ring centroid.
Molecules 27 00017 g002
Molecules 27 00017 g003 550
Figure 3. A sketch where the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) van der Waals predicted structure of F5PY-Ne (blue) is compared with that of PY-Ne (red) [20].
Figure 3. A sketch where the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) van der Waals predicted structure of F5PY-Ne (blue) is compared with that of PY-Ne (red) [20].
Molecules 27 00017 g003
Molecules 27 00017 g004 550
Figure 4. Molecular graph showing three bond critical points (left) and NCIPlot (right) of the F5PY-Ne complex.
Figure 4. Molecular graph showing three bond critical points (left) and NCIPlot (right) of the F5PY-Ne complex.
Molecules 27 00017 g004
Table
Table 1. Experimental rotational parameters for the F5PY-20Ne and F5PY-22Ne isotopologues and their comparison to the predicted CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) values for the parent species (Figure 2).
Table 1. Experimental rotational parameters for the F5PY-20Ne and F5PY-22Ne isotopologues and their comparison to the predicted CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) values for the parent species (Figure 2).
F5PY-20Ne F5PY-22Ne
Param. aexpCCSDexp
A/MHz940.26871(21) b962.2911.57618(20)
B/MHz769.84484(19)780.8752.84325(17)
C/MHz617.16139(13)618.2615.66886(11)
κ−0.05−0.05−0.07
Paa/uÅ2468.93082(23)469.7468.87713(21)
Pbb/uÅ2349.94576(23)347.7351.98461(21)
Pcc/uÅ2187.53784(23)177.5202.41668(21)
ΔJ/kHz0.4055(25) 0.4890(23)
ΔJK/kHz6.329(10) 6.1360(91)
ΔK/kHz−5.5700(68) −5.4288(59)
δJ/kHz0.1045(12) 0.1066(11)
δK/kHz−4.2430(84) −3.9140(73)
3/2(χaa)/MHz2.9536(29)3.112.9595(26)
1/4(χbb-χcc)/MHz−1.37697(75)−1.51−1.33170(67)
χaa/MHz1.9687(19)2.071.9730(17)
χbb/MHz−3.7383(25)−4.05−3.6499(22)
χcc/MHz1.7696(25)1.981.6769(22)
n139 118
σ/kHz3.2 2.6
a A, B, and C are the rotational constants. κ is the Ray asymmetry parameter κ = (2B − A − C)/(A − C). Pαα (α = a, b, c) are the planar moments of inertia, derived from the inertial moments Pcc = (Ia + Ib − Ic)/2. ΔJ, ΔJK, ΔK, δJ, and δK, are the quartic centrifugal distortion constants. χaa, χbb, and χcc are the 14N quadrupole coupling constants. n is the number of quadrupole coupling components fitted. σ is the rms deviation of the fit. b Standard errors in parentheses in units of the last digit.
Table
Table 2. Comparison of the rotational constants (A, B, C), the moments of inertia (Ia, Ib, Ic), and the planar moments (Paa, Pbb, Pcc) of F5PY and F5PY-Ne.
Table 2. Comparison of the rotational constants (A, B, C), the moments of inertia (Ia, Ib, Ic), and the planar moments (Paa, Pbb, Pcc) of F5PY and F5PY-Ne.
ParametersF5PY a F5PY-20NeF5PY-22Ne
A/MHz1481.58184(19) b940.26871(21)911.57618(20)
B/MHz1075.37335(17)769.84484(19)752.84325(17)
C/MHz623.11194(16)617.16139(13)615.66886(11)
Ia/uÅ2341.107724(44)537.80275(12)554.73049(12)
Ib/uÅ2469.956791(74)656.85847(16)671.69241(15)
Ic/uÅ2811.05653(21)819.36283(17)821.34916(15)
Paa/uÅ2469.95280(16)468.93082(23)468.87713(21)
Pbb/uÅ2341.10373(16)349.94576(23)351.98461(21)
Pcc/uÅ20.00399(16)187.53784(23)202.41668(21)
χaa/MHz1.9664(53)1.9687(19)1.9730(17)
χbb/MHz−3.9534(72)−3.7383(25)−3.6499(22)
χcc/MHz1.9870(72)1.7696(25)1.6769(22)
a Taken from reference [35]. b Standard errors in parenthesis in units of the last digit.
Table
Table 3. Principal inertial axis coordinates for the neon atom of pentafluoropyridine···Ne complex. The table compares the substitution (rs) and effective (r0) coordinates with those (re) calculated at the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) (CCSD) computational methods. The table also compares the effective bonding parameters determined from a least-squares fit of the observed rotational constants, and the angle θ of rotation between the principal inertial axis systems of F5PY and F5PY-Ne.
Table 3. Principal inertial axis coordinates for the neon atom of pentafluoropyridine···Ne complex. The table compares the substitution (rs) and effective (r0) coordinates with those (re) calculated at the CCSD/6-311++G(2d,p) (CCSD) computational methods. The table also compares the effective bonding parameters determined from a least-squares fit of the observed rotational constants, and the angle θ of rotation between the principal inertial axis systems of F5PY and F5PY-Ne.
rs Coordinatesabc
| r s | [0.0000] a0.9672(15) b2.75959(54)
r 0 0.00000.911(23)2.8134(64)
r e C C S D   0.00000.8142.757022
Parametersr0 r e CCSD rs
r(N···Ne)/Å3.480(6)3.359
∠(CNNe)/°70.2(2)69.2
r(rc···Ne) c/Å3.278(8)3.192
R = r(rcm···Ne) d/Å3.307(9)3.2153.260
∠(Ne···rc···N)/°86.8(5)86.8
∠(Ne···rcm···N)/°82.8(5)82.2
φ e/°7.2(5)7.28.1
θf/°9.88.6
FitexperimentalResiduals g
20Ne   A/MHz940.26871(21)−1.56
20Ne   B/MHz769.84484(19)0.41
20Ne   C/MHz617.16139(13)0.60
22Ne   A/MHz911.57618(20)−0.84
22Ne   B/MHz752.84325(17)1.13
22Ne   C/MHz615.66886(11)0.47
a The coordinate in square brackets is fixed to zero due to symmetry. b Estimated errors are given in parentheses in units of the last digit calculated according to ref [48]. c Distance from Ne to the ring-centroid (rc, see Figure 3). d Distance from Ne to the F5PY center of mass (rcm, see Figure 3).e angle between the line from Ne to the ring center of mass (rcm) and a line perpendicular to the ring. f see Figure 2 for definition. g Differences between the experimental constants and those calculated from the determined r0 structure.
Table
Table 4. Intermolecular distance between the center of mass of the aromatic system and the Neon atom (Å), R, and the deviation of the perpendicular axes (°), φ. The values from experimental data sources are provided in parenthesis.
Table 4. Intermolecular distance between the center of mass of the aromatic system and the Neon atom (Å), R, and the deviation of the perpendicular axes (°), φ. The values from experimental data sources are provided in parenthesis.
Param.MethodF5PY-NePY-NeF6BZ-NeBZ-Ne
R/ÅCCSD3.2153.3253.1993.313
(rs/e, r0)(3.260 a, 3.302)(3.316 b, 3.400 c) (3.2989 d, 3.462 e)
φ/°CCSD7.84.60.00.0
(rs/e , r0)(7.2 a, 8.1)(4.2 b, 6.2 c) (0.0 d, 0.0 e)
ars value, this work. b Equilibrium values corresponding to a study of van der Waals motions [17]. c Ref. [20]. d Equilibrium values corresponding to a study of van der Waals motions Ref. [13]. e Ref. [13].
Table
Table 5. Bonding energies (BE in kJmol−1) calculated at the CCSD(T) level and DFT-SAPT contributions for the complexes PY-Ne, BZ-Ne, F5PY-Ne, and F6BZ-Ne.
Table 5. Bonding energies (BE in kJmol−1) calculated at the CCSD(T) level and DFT-SAPT contributions for the complexes PY-Ne, BZ-Ne, F5PY-Ne, and F6BZ-Ne.
BE[CCSD(T)]Elect.ExchangeInductionDispersionδHF
PY-Ne−2.9−0.662.210.02−3.05−0.10
BZ-Ne−2.8−0.812.670.01−3.27−0.14
F5PY-Ne−4.9−0.872.91−0.04−3.74−0.13
F6BZ-Ne−4.9−1.033.330.01−3.87−0.16
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Macario, A.; Blanco, S.; Alkorta, I.; López, J.C. Perfluorination of Aromatic Compounds Reinforce Their van der Waals Interactions with Rare Gases: The Rotational Spectrum of Pentafluoropyridine-Ne. Molecules 2022, 27, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010017

AMA Style

Macario A, Blanco S, Alkorta I, López JC. Perfluorination of Aromatic Compounds Reinforce Their van der Waals Interactions with Rare Gases: The Rotational Spectrum of Pentafluoropyridine-Ne. Molecules. 2022; 27(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010017

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Macario, Alberto, Susana Blanco, Ibon Alkorta, and Juan Carlos López. 2022. "Perfluorination of Aromatic Compounds Reinforce Their van der Waals Interactions with Rare Gases: The Rotational Spectrum of Pentafluoropyridine-Ne" Molecules 27, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010017

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