Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis
2.1. Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by Microorganisms
2.2. Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by Plants
2.3. Challenges Associated with Green Synthesis
3. Characterization
4. Biological Activity
4.1. Antimicrobial Activity of Green Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
4.2. Toxicity and Anticancer Activity of Green Synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs
4.3. Further Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs
5. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism Used for Green Synthesis | Particle Size/Shape | Antimicrobial Effect/ Sensitive Species | Effect on Mammalian Cell Lines | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa supernatant | Ag: 13–76 nm spherical | Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Anti-biofilm activity: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus | Cytotoxic (human cervical cancer cells) | [7] |
Pseudomonas putida supernatant | Ag: 6–16 nm monodispersed, spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus | Non-cytotoxic under 25 μg/mL and cytotoxic at above 50 μg/mL (HEp-2) | [8] |
Bacillus funiculus supernatant | Ag: 20 nm spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MDA-MB-231) | [9] |
Oscillatoria limnetica fresh biomass | Ag: ∼3–18 nm quasi-spherical | Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus | Cytotoxic (HCT-16) Less cytotoxic MCF-7) In high concentration hemolytic activity (human erythrocytes) | [10] |
Cordyceps militaris cell filtrate | Au: 15–20 nm face-center-cubic structure | n.a. | Cytotoxic (HepG2) | [11] |
Agaricus bisporus filtrate | Ag: 8–20 nm spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic in vitro (MCF-7) and in vivo combined with gamma radiation (Ehrlich solid tumor cells in mice) | [12] |
Ganoderma neo-japonicum mycelia extract | Ag: 2–20 nm spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MDA-MB-231) | [13] |
Paracoccus haeundaensis BC74171T supernatant | Au: ∼20 nm, spherical | n.a. | Slightly cytotoxic (A549, AGS) Non-cytotoxic (HaCaT, HEK293) | [14] |
Micrococcus yunnanensis supernatant | Au: 53.8 nm spherical | Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Anticancer (U87, HT1080, PC12, Caco-2, MCF7, A549) Slightly cytotoxic (NIH-3T3 and Vero) | [15] |
Brevibacillus formosus supernatant | Au: 5–12 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [16] |
Nocardiopsis alba supernatant | Au: 32.5 nm polydispersed, spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, New castle viral disease virus (NDV) | n.a. | [17] |
Nocardiopsis sp. supernatant | Au: 11.57 nm spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus brasiliensis | Cytotoxic (HeLa) | [18] |
Bacillus subtilis cell-free extract | Ag: 10–20 nm, cubic | Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans | n.a. | [19] |
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus cell-free extract | Ag: 8–12 nm, spherical | Acinetobacter baumannii | n.a. | [20] |
Pseudomonas hibiscicola supernatant | Ag: 10–70 nm, crystalline | Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | Cytotoxic (Vero) | [21] |
Bacillus cereus supernatant | Ag: 24–46 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [22] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa supernatant | Ag: 25–45 nm spherical, pseudospherical | Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis | Less cytotoxic (human neutrophils) | [23] |
Xanthomonas spp. fermentative medium | Ag: ˂10 nm, spherical | Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n.a. | [24] |
Escherichia hermannii supernatant | Ag: 4–12 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n.a. | [25] |
Citrobacter sedlakii supernatant | Ag: 4–15 nm, spherical | |||
Pseudomonas putida supernatant | Ag: 4–30 nm, spherical | |||
Bacillus endophyticus biomass and supernatant | Ag: 5.1 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans | n.a. | [26] |
Bacillus brevis cell filtrate | Ag: 41–68 nm, spherical | Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [27] |
Penicillium polonicum cell filtrate | Ag: 10–15 nm spherical/near spherical | Acinetobacter baumannii | n.a. | [28] |
Phanerochaete chrysosporium cell filtrate | Ag: 34–90 nm, spherical, oval | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis | Minimally cytotoxic (mouse embryo fibroblasts) | [29] |
Escherichia fergusonii supernatant | Ag: 50 nm mostly spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) | [30] |
Organism Used for the Synthesis | Particle Size/Shape | Antimicrobial Effect/Sensitive Species | Effect on Mammalian Cell Lines | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ziziphus mauritiana leaf | 3–20 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis | n.a. | [62] |
Sugarcane leaf (Saccharum officinarum) | 20–50 nm, spherical | Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum acutatum, Cladosporium fulvum | n.a. | [61] |
Salvia spinosa plant | 19–125 nm, rounded | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus vallismortis, Escherichia coli | n.a. | [63] |
Coffea arabica seed | 10–40 to 20–150 nm | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [64] |
Achillea biebersteinii flower | 10–40 nm, spherical and pentagonal | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) | [65] |
Lantana camara leaf | 14–27 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. | n.a. | [66] |
Black tea leaf | 9–15 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) | [67] |
Green tea leaf (Richun Tea) | 20–90 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli | n.a. | [68] |
Green tea leaf (R. Twining), coffee seed (Tchibo Family) | 3–12 nm, spherical | Bacillus cereus var. mycoides, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans | Anti-proliferative, cytotoxic (HeLa and NIH/3T3) | [69] |
Green tea leaf (R. Twining) | 5–15 nm, spherical, polyhedron | Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Cryptococcus neoformans | Cytotoxic (A549 and NIH/3T3) | [70] |
Azadirachta indica leaf | ~34 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [71] |
Mussaenda glabrata leaf | 55 nm, spherical and triangular | Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum | n.a. | [72] |
Plumbago zeylanica bark | 10–25 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida tropicalis | Cytotoxic (Dalton Lymphoma Ascites) | [73] |
Panax ginseng fresh leaf | 5–15 nm, spherical | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic (HaCaT 20 μg/mL) Cytotoxic (3T3-L1 20 μg/mL) | [74] |
Panax ginseng berry | 10–20 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (B16) Less cytotoxic (HDF) | [75] |
Dimocarpus longan dried peel | 8–22 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo (H1299) Less cytotoxic in vitro (VCaP, BxPC-3) | [76] |
Dendropanax morbifera leaf | 100–200 nm; polygonal and hexagonal | n.a. | Cytotoxic (A549) Cytotoxic in high concentration (HaCaT) | [77] |
Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizome | 20 nm, crystalline face-centered cubic | n.a. | Cytotoxic (A549, HT29, MCF-7) Slightly toxic (3T3-L1) | [78] |
Artemisia turcomanica leaf extract | 20–60 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (AGS, L929) | [79] |
Juglans regia walnut green husk | 30–50 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) Non-cytotoxic (L929) | [80] |
Black tea (Tetley, England) | 30–40 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (A2780) Slightly cytotoxic (HCT116, primary human fibroblast) | [81] |
Fenugreek leaf | 20–30 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | Non-cytotoxic (HaCaT) | [82] |
Pimpinella anisum seed | 3–16 nm (average 8.3 nm), spherical | Staphylococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Cytotoxic (HT115, hSSCs) | [83] |
Ficus religiosa leaf extract | 3–28 nm (average 21 nm), spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi | Cytotoxic (A549, Hep2, HeLa, COLO205, SH-SY5Y) | [84] |
Alternanthera dentata leaf | 20–90 nm, spherical | Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n.a. | [85] |
Boerhaavia diffusa plant | 25 nm, spherical | Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium branchiophilum, Pseudomonas fluorescens | n.a. | [86] |
Tribulus terrestris dried fruit | 16–28 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes | n.a. | [87] |
Cocos nucifera inflorescence | 22 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi | n.a. | [88] |
Abutilon indicum leaf | 7–17 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [89] |
Cymbopogon citratus fresh leaf | 32 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | n.a. | [90] |
Tinospora cordifolia stem | 83 nm, spherical | Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [91] |
Eucalyptus citriodora leaf | 8–15 nm, spherical | Acinetobacter baumannii | n.a. | [92] |
Argemone mexicana leaf | 20 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n.a. | [93] |
Solanum torvum leaf | 14 nm, spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger | n.a. | [94] |
Aloe vera plant | 70–192 nm, spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus epidermidis | Non-cytotoxic (PBMC) | [95] |
Trianthema decandra root | 36–74 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Candida albicans | n.a. | [96] |
Pongamia pinnata fresh bark | 5–55 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella planticola, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [97] |
Ocimum sanctum leaf | 18 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [98] |
Catharanthus roseus leaf | 48–67 nm, spherical | Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [99] |
Cochlospermum gossypium | 3 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [100] |
Olive leaf | 20–25 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [101] |
Withania somnifera leaf | 5–30 nm, spherical | Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans | n.a. | [102] |
Datura stramonium leaf | 15–20 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [103] |
Emblica officinalis fruit | 15 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [104] |
Crataegus douglasii fruit | 29 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [105] |
Acalypha indica leaf | 20–30 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae | n.a. | [106] |
Solanum indicum plant | 10–50 nm, spherical | Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp. | Cytotoxic (rat splenocytes) | [107] |
Citrus sinensis peel | 35 nm, 10 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [108] |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis petal | 76 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae | n.a. | [109] |
Daucus carota fresh extract | 20 nm, spherical | Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | Non-cytotoxic (EAC cells) | [110] |
Melissa officinalis leaf | 12 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [111] |
Phoenix dactylifera root hair | 15–40 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Candida albicans | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) | [112] |
Annona muricata root bark | 22 nm | Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | n.a. | [113] |
Terminalia mantaly fresh leaf, stem bark and root | 11–80 nm anisotropic | Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae | n.a. | [114] |
Acacia rigidula stem and root | 22.46 nm spherical | Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilis | Non-toxic in in vivo mouse model | [115] |
Lampranthus coccineus aerial part | 10.12–27.89 nm spherical | HAV-10, HSV-1, CoxB4 | Non-toxic (HeLa) | [116] |
Malephora lutea aerial part | 8.91–14.48 nm spherical | HAV-10, CoxB4 |
Organism Used for the Synthesis | Particle Size/Shape | Antimicrobial Effect/Sensitive Species | Effect on Mammalian Cell Lines | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zingiber officinale rhizome | 5–15 nm, spherical | n.a. | No aggregation with human blood cells | [117] |
Mussaenda glabrata leaf | 10–12 nm, spherical | Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum | n.a. | [72] |
Alpinia nigra leaf | 20–55 nm, spherical and hexagonal | Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans | n.a. | [118] |
Uncaria gambir Roxb. leaf | 11–31 nm, hexagonal, triangular | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | n.a. | [119] |
Plumbago zeylanica bark | 3–52 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus | Cytotoxic (Dalton Lymphoma Ascites) | [73] |
Olax scandens leaf | 5–100 nm, mostly spherical | n.a. | Antiproliferative (A549, MCF-7 and COLO 205) | [120] |
Panax ginseng fresh leaf | 10–20 nm, spherical | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic (HaCaT, 3T3-L1) | [74] |
Panax ginseng berry | 5–10 nm, spherical | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic (HDF, B16 murine cell line) | [75] |
Trichosanthes kirilowii plant | ∼50 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (HCT-116) | [121] |
Marsdenia tenacissima plant | ∼50 nm, spherical (anisotropic shapes) | n.a. | Cytotoxic (A549) | [122] |
Nerium oleander stem bark | 10–100 nm, mostly spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MCF-7) Non-cytotoxic (Human lymphocytes) | [123] |
Tribulus terrestris dried fruit | 7 mm and 55 mm, mostly spherical | multi-drug resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori | GNP7 cytotoxic at 200 μg/mL (AGS) GNP55 less cytotoxic (AGS) GNP7 and GNP55 non-cytotoxic at the MIC of H. pylori (AGS) | [124] |
Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf | ∼55 nm, primarily spherical | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic (HUVEC, ECV-304) | [125] |
Dendropanax morbifera leaf | 10–20 nm; polygonal and hexagonal | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic (A549, HaCaT) | [77] |
Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizome | 10 nm, crystalline face-centered cubic | n.a. | Non-cytotoxic, toxic only in high concentration (100 ug/mL) (A549, HT29, MCF-7, 3T3-L1) | [78] |
Potato starch powder | 20–30 nm, quasi-spherical | MDR E. coli, MRSA | Non-toxic (human dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells) | [126] |
Ag-Au composite: 9–10 nm, quasi-spherical | Cytotoxic (human dermal fibroblasts) Enhanced cytotoxic (melanoma cells) | |||
Trapa natans peel extract | Ag-Au composite: 26–90 nm, hexagonal, triangular, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (HeLa, MDA-MB-231, HCT116 cancer cells) | [127] |
Trianthema decandra root | 33–65 nm, spherical, triangular, hexagonal and cubical | Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Candida albicans | n.a. | [96] |
Ananas comosus fruit | 16 nm, anisotropic | Streptobacillus sp., Escherichia coli | n.a. | [128] |
Annona muricata leaf | 25.5 nm, spherical | Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Clostridium sporogenes, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium camemberti | n.a. | [129] |
Allium cepa | 11 nm, spherical | measles virus | n.a. | [130] |
Azima tetracantha leaf | 80 nm, spherical | Aeromonas liquefaciens, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus sp., Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum | n.a. | [131] |
Caulerpa racemosa green seaweed | 13.7–85.4 nm, spherical to oval | Aeromonas veronii, Streptococcus agalactiae | Cytotoxic (HT-29) | [132] |
Nepenthes khasiana leaf | 50–80 nm, spherical | Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | n.a. | [133] |
Salix alba | 63 nm, spherical | Staphylococcus aureus, Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus | n.a. | [134] |
Curcumin | 11.95 nm, lattice | respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | n.a. | [135] |
Abelmoschus esculentus pulp | 14 nm, spherical | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli | Cytotoxic (Jurkat cells) | [136] |
Spirulina platensis green alga | 5 nm, spherical | Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis | [137] | |
Halymenia dilatata red alga | 16 nm, spherical, triangular | Aeromonas hydrophila | Cytotoxic (HT-29) | [138] |
Acanthophora spicifera seaweed | ˃20 nm, spherical | Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus | Cytotoxic (HT-29) | [139] |
Gelidium pusillum seaweed | ∼55 nm, spherical | n.a. | Cytotoxic (MDA-MB-231) Non-cytotoxic (HEK-293) | [140] |
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Rónavári, A.; Igaz, N.; Adamecz, D.I.; Szerencsés, B.; Molnar, C.; Kónya, Z.; Pfeiffer, I.; Kiricsi, M. Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021, 26, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040844
Rónavári A, Igaz N, Adamecz DI, Szerencsés B, Molnar C, Kónya Z, Pfeiffer I, Kiricsi M. Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040844
Chicago/Turabian StyleRónavári, Andrea, Nóra Igaz, Dóra I. Adamecz, Bettina Szerencsés, Csaba Molnar, Zoltán Kónya, Ilona Pfeiffer, and Monika Kiricsi. 2021. "Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications" Molecules 26, no. 4: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040844