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Article

Synthesis of Spiroindenyl-2-Oxindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of 2-Bromoarylamides and Vinyl Bromides

by
Shuai Yang
and
Yanghui Zhang
*
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(24), 7496; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247496
Submission received: 24 November 2021 / Revised: 8 December 2021 / Accepted: 9 December 2021 / Published: 10 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Catalyzed C–H Functionalization)
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Abstract

:
An expeditious approach to the construction of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles was developed via a palladium-catalyzed spirocyclization reaction of 2-bromoarylamides with vinyl bromides. The reaction formed spiropalladacycles as the intermediates via carbopalladation and the C–H functionalization of 2-bromoarylamides. The spiropalladacycles reacted with vinyl bromides to form spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles. A Heck process rather than vinylic C–H functionalization was involved in the reaction.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Spirooxindoles are ubiquitous in bioactive natural products and have found extensive applications in drug discovery [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. On the other hand, spiroindenes have also gained considerable interest in medicinal chemistry [8,9,10,11,12,13]. The investigation of biological and pharmaceutical properties of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles that contain both spiro-bridged indene and oxindole moieties is highly intriguing [14,15]. To achieve this, it is essential to develop efficient synthetic methods for the analysis of compounds of such a type. Currently, the reactions for the synthesis of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles are rare, and the majority of them rely on the use of 3-substituted indoles as the starting materials (Figure 1a–f) [14,15,16,17,18,19]. It should be noted that Desrosiers and coworkers reported an elegant synthetic approach for spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles through nickel-catalyzed intramolecular Heck cyclization (Figure 1g) [20,21].
Over the past few years, domino Heck/C–H functionalization reactions have gained considerable interest and made noticeable progress in organic synthesis [22,23]. By using alkene-tethered aryl halides as substrates, the reactions of such a type undergo the oxidative addition of aryl halides to Pd0 and intramolecular carbopalladation of alkene moieties to form alkylpalladiumII species. The alkylpalladiumII species can cleave C–H bonds of an aryl group tethered to the alkene moiety to generate C,C-palladacycles. The palladacycles may undergo intramolecular cyclization [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] or be captured with external reagents [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55]. These types of reactions not only represent a novel strategy to activate C–H bonds that are not in proximity to directing groups, but also provide easy access to complex polycyclic compounds. Notably, the reactions also open a new avenue for the synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds. By the judicious design of alkene-tethered aryl halides substrates, spiropalladacycles can be formed by a domino Heck/C–H functionalization sequence. The resulting spiropalladacycles are very effective intermediates for the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds. During recent years, quite a few reactions of this type have been developed. Spiropalladacycles have undergone cyclization [30,31,32,33,34,35] and have been trapped by a variety of external reagents including diaziridinone [44], benzynes [45,46,47], carbenoids [48,49], alkynes [50,51], CH2Br2 [52], alkyl chlorides [53], and aryl iodides [54,55], affording various spirocyclic products.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Optimization of the Reaction Conditions

Herein, we report a new approach for the synthesis of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles through domino Heck/C–H functionalization reactions. This work was inspired by the reaction of C(sp2), C(sp3)-palladacycle derived from ortho-iodomethoxybenzenes with vinyl bromides [56]. It should be mentioned that the reactions of 2-iodobiphenyls with vinyl bromides have also been reported [57,58]. The reactions also proceeded via C,C-palladacycle intermediates, which were captured by vinyl bromides to form 9-fluorenylidene products.
The research was commenced by investigating the reaction of model substrates acrylamide (1a) and 1-bromoprop-1-ene (2a) (Table 1). After an extensive condition survey, spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles 3aa was generated in a yield of 74% under the reaction conditions shown in entry 1. The optimal yield was obtained by using 18-crown-6, which promoted the reaction perhaps by enhancing the solubility of K2CO3 in THF (entry 2). Ligand s-phos played a crucial role in the reaction since its absence led to a very low yield and other phosphine ligands gave lower yields (entries 3–7). K2CO3 was an essential base, and only a trace amount of the product was observed when other bases such as Na2CO3 and KOAc were used (entries 8 and 9). Although 3aa was also formed when the reaction was carried out in other solvents, the yields were much lower (entries 10–12).

2.2. Substrate Scope for Acrylamides

Having developed an approach for the synthesis of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles, we then probed its substrate scope (Scheme 1). We first examined the performance of acrylamides bearing different functionalities on the bromophenyl groups. The acrylamides containing an electron-donating methyl or electron-withdrawing cyano group underwent the cascade reaction (3ba and 3ca). Fluoro, chloro, and even bromo groups were well tolerated, and the corresponding spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles were formed in moderate yields (3da–3fa). The substituents on the other positions of the bromophenyl groups were also suitable (3ga–3ia). Furthermore, substrates bearing a substituent on the phenyl groups linked to the double bonds could also be transformed into spiroindenyl-2-oxindole products (3ja–3la). The structure of 3ja was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography.
Next, the reactions of acrylamide bearing different N-substituents were probed. A range of N-substituents, including the ethyl, benzyl 2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl and 2-methylallyl group, were compatible, and a variety of spiroindenyl-2-oxindole derivatives were afforded (3ma–3qa). Finally, it should be noted that the substrate containing an ether linkage could also form the desired spirocyclic product 3ra (Scheme 2).

2.3. Substrate Scope for Vinyl Bromides

The vinyl bromide scope was then explored (Scheme 3). When styryl bromide was allowed to react with 1a under the slightly modified standard conditions, spiroindenyl-2-oxindole 3ab and compound 3ab-I were obtained. The formation of 3ab-I should be due to the stabilization of the exocyclic double bond by the phenyl group. As expected, styryl bromide derivatives, such as trimethoxystyryl bromide and (E)-1-(2-bromovinyl)naphthalene, also gave two isomers (3ac and 3ac-I). The structure of 3ac-I was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. It should be noted that the trimethoxyphenyl group was on the same side as the benzene ring, and the double bond in compound 3ac-I had Z-configuration. This structure provides crucial evidence regarding the mechanism of the reaction. (E)-2-(2-bromovinyl)thiophene was also reactive, and only the exocyclic double bond product (3ae-I) was obtained. Intriguingly, two products (3af and 3af-I) were also obtained in the reaction of alkylvinyl bromide 2f. The structure of 3af was also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.

2.4. Mechanistic Studies

On the basis of the formation of the products and the previous reports [52,56,57,58], a tentative mechanism was proposed as shown in Scheme 4. The catalytic cycle starts with the oxidative addition of substrate 1 to Pd0 to form PdII species A, which is followed by intramolecular migratory insertion to give alkylPdII species B. The subsequent intramolecular C–H functionalization affords palladacycle C. C undergoes oxidative addition with 2-bromoalkenyl derivatives to form PdIV species D. The reductive elimination of D yields intermediate E. At this stage, E may undergo two pathways to form final product 3. Path I involves intermediate 3-I, which is formed through intramolecular migratory insertion and subsequent β-H elimination. Alternatively, the alkylPdII species of E may cleave the vinyl C–H bond to yield palladacycle G. G forms product 3-I-I and Pd0 by reductive elimination (path II). Both 3-I and 3-I-I can isomerize to yield final product 3. It is challenging to distinguish these two pathways. Fortunately, the mechanism can be deciphered based on the structure of intermediate 3ac-I. If the reaction undergoes path II, 3-I-I, which has E-configuration, should be formed. On the contrary, compound 3-I with Z-configuration should be generated for path I. The Z-configuration of 3ac-I indicates that the reaction proceeds via path I.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

Pd(OAc)2 was purchased from Strem Chemicals (Newburyport, MA, USA). The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX400 instrument (400 MHz) or a Bruker DRX-600 instrument (600 MHz). High-resolution mass spectra were measured on a Bruker MicroTOF II ESI-TOF mass spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3. The 1H NMR spectra were referenced to residual CHCl3 at 7.26 ppm, and 13C NMR spectra were referenced to the central peak of CDCl3 at 77.0 ppm. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm and coupling constants (J) are in Hertz (Hz). Multiplicities are reported using the following abbreviations: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, and m = multiplet.

3.2. Experimental Procedures

Synthesis of Spiroindenyl-2-Oxindoles (Please see Supplementary Materials).
(a)
A 25 mL Schlenk-type tube (with a Teflon screw cap and a side arm) equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with Pd(OAc)2 (0.02 mmol, 4.4 mg, 0.1 equiv), s-phos (0.02 mmol, 8.2 mg, 0.1 equiv), K2CO3 (1.2 mmol, 165.9 mg, 6.0 equiv), 18-crown-6 (0.4 mmol, 105.7 mg, 2.0 equiv), acrylamide 1a (0.2 mmol, 63.2 mg, 1.0 equiv), 1-bromo-1-propene 2a (0.8 mmol, 96.8 mg, 4.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL). The reaction mixture was frozen with liquid nitrogen, and then, the tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen (6 times). The reaction tube was put into an oil bath and then heated to 100 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 24 h. After being cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed with brine (3 times), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative silica gel TLC with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (ether/ethyl acetate 25:1) to afford 3aa (71%, 39.0 mg).
(b)
A 25 mL Schlenk-type tube (with a Teflon screw cap and a side arm) equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with Pd(OAc)2 (0.02 mmol, 4.4 mg, 0.1 equiv), s-phos (0.04 mmol, 16.4 mg, 0.2 equiv) K2CO3 (1.0 mmol, 138.2 mg, 5.0 equiv), 18-crown-6 (0.4 mmol, 105.7 mg, 2.0 equiv), acrylamide 1a (0.2 mmol, 63.2 mg, 1.0 equiv), β-bromostyrene 2b (0.6 mmol, 109.8 mg, 3.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL). The reaction mixture was frozen with liquid nitrogen and then the tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen (6 times). The reaction tube was put into an oil bath and then heated to 130 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 130 °C for 24 h. After being cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed with brine (3 times), dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative silica gel TLC with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (ether/ethyl acetate 25:1) to afford 3ab (61%, 41.2 mg) and 3ab-l (34%, 22.9 mg).

4. Conclusions

In summary, we developed a palladium-catalyzed spirocyclization reaction between 2-bromoarylamides and vinyl bromides via a cascade Heck/C–H functionalization process. The reaction forms spiropalladacycles as the intermediate by carbopalladation and C–H functionalization of 2-bromoarylamides. The resulting spiropalladacycles react with vinyl bromides effectively and spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles are formed as the final products. The Z-configuration of the precursor was identified, and it indicates that a Heck process instead of a vinylic C–H functionalization is involved in the reaction. This reaction provides a novel and effective strategy for the construction of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Synthetic procedure of starting materials, procedure and spectral data of products, copies of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.Y. and Y.Z.; methodology, S.Y.; validation, S.Y.; formal analysis, S.Y.; investigation, S.Y.; resources, Y.Z.; data curation, S.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.Z.; writing—review and editing, S.Y. and Y.Z.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, Y.Z.; funding acquisition, Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21971196).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

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Molecules 26 07496 g001 550
Figure 1. Synthetic methods of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles.
Figure 1. Synthetic methods of spiroindenyl-2-oxindoles.
Molecules 26 07496 g001
Molecules 26 07496 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Acrylamide scope. All the reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (10 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (6.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 100 °C for 24 h under N2.
Scheme 1. Acrylamide scope. All the reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1a (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (10 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (6.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 100 °C for 24 h under N2.
Molecules 26 07496 sch001
Molecules 26 07496 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1r (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (10 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (6.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 100 °C for 24 h under N2.
Scheme 2. The reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1r (0.2 mmol), 2a (0.8 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (10 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (6.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 100 °C for 24 h under N2.
Molecules 26 07496 sch002
Molecules 26 07496 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Vinyl bromide scope. All the reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.6 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (20 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (5.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 130 °C for 24 h under N2. a 0.4 mmol vinyl bromide.
Scheme 3. Vinyl bromide scope. All the reactions were carried out in a Schlenk tube in the presence of 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.6 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol%), s-phos (20 mol%), 18-crown-6 (2.0 equiv), K2CO3 (5.0 equiv), and THF (2.0 mL) at 130 °C for 24 h under N2. a 0.4 mmol vinyl bromide.
Molecules 26 07496 sch003
Molecules 26 07496 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanism.
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanism.
Molecules 26 07496 sch004
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Molecules 26 07496 i001
EntryVariation from the Standard ConditionsYield a
1No74% (71% b)
2No 18-crown-655%
3No s-phos18%
4x-phos instead of s-phos53%
5Ru-phos instead of s-phos62%
6(o-tolyl)3P instead of s-phos60%
7Ph3P instead of s-phos63%
8Na2CO3 instead of K2CO35%
9KOAc instead of K2CO33%
10DMF instead of THF43%
11toluene instead of THF59%
12CH3CN instead of THF14%
a The yields were determined by 1H NMR analysis of crude reaction mixtures by using CH2Br2 as the internal standard. b Isolated yield.
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Yang, S.; Zhang, Y. Synthesis of Spiroindenyl-2-Oxindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of 2-Bromoarylamides and Vinyl Bromides. Molecules 2021, 26, 7496. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247496

AMA Style

Yang S, Zhang Y. Synthesis of Spiroindenyl-2-Oxindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of 2-Bromoarylamides and Vinyl Bromides. Molecules. 2021; 26(24):7496. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247496

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Shuai, and Yanghui Zhang. 2021. "Synthesis of Spiroindenyl-2-Oxindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclization of 2-Bromoarylamides and Vinyl Bromides" Molecules 26, no. 24: 7496. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247496

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