Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Solid-Liquid Extraction
2.3.1. Conventional Extraction—Acetone
2.3.2. Alternative Extraction—Ionic Liquids
2.3.3. Quantification of [C4mim][BF4] in Carotenoid Extract
2.4. Bioaccessibility (BCT) and Cellular Uptake Assay
2.4.1. Sample Preparation: Emulsified Carotenoid Extracts
2.4.2. Microstructure of the Emulsion’s Droplets
2.4.3. In Vitro Digestion and Caco-2 Cellular Uptake
2.5. Analysis of the Carotenoids by HPLC-PDA
2.6. Data Presentation and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Samples | Initial Concentration—Input of IL | Concentration Recovered after Extraction Procedure (µg/mL) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Carotenoid extract submitted to polishing step (used in the simulated digestion process) | 500 µg/mL | - | - |
- | |||
- | |||
Carotenoid extract without polishing step (control) | 500 µg/mL | 491.22 | 98.37 ± 0.13 |
492.35 | |||
492.14 |
Samples | [C4mim][BF4] Carotenoid Extract (µm) | Acetone Carotenoid Extract (µm) |
---|---|---|
Initial (before in vitro digestion) | 12.46 ± 2.96 a | 11.98 ± 1.96 a |
Oral | 11.46 ± 1.63 a | 11.13 ± 1.63 a |
Gastric | 10.8 ± 5.89 a | 14.14 ± 6.55 a |
Intestinal | 5.01 ± 1.39 a | 5.62 ± 1.77 a |
Peak | Carotenoid | [C4mim][BF4] Carotenoid Extract | Acetone Carotenoid Extract | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Starting (µg) * | Bioaccessible—BCT (µg) *a | Uptake (ngcarotenoids/mgcell protein) * | Starting (µg) * | Bioaccessible—BCT (µg) *a | Uptake (ngcarotenoids/mgcell protein) * | ||
1 | 13-cis-β-carotene | 3.71 ± 0.52 | 0.93 ± 0.21 (24.90%) | 30.07 ± 2.60 | 3.07 ± 0.25 | 0.84 ± 0.05 (27.35%) | 20.84 ± 1.22 |
2 | all-trans-α-carotene | 6.11 ± 0.17 | 2.12 ± 0.25 (34.80%) | 31.32 ± 3.29 | 5.48 ± 0.66 | 1.63 ± 0.16 (29.85%) | 22.78 ± 1.24 |
3 | all-trans-β-carotene | 48.50 ± 1.69 | 16.52 ± 1.80 (34.13%) | 75.53 ± 8.92 | 36.98 ± 5.62 | 10.02 ± 1.20 (27.31%) | 50.86 ± 4.88 |
4 | cis-δ-carotene (1) | 6.67 ± 0.52 | 2.13 ± 0.18 (32.24%) | 37.97 ± 3.89 | 4.83 ± 0.39 | 1.41 ± 0.14 (29.33%) | 26.07 ± 2.33 |
5 | cis-δ-carotene (2) | 2.51 ± 0.13 | 0.74 ± 0.04 (29.56%) | 26.12 ± 2.31 | 2.00 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.03 (30.10%) | 19.91 ± 1.34 |
6 | cis-δ-carotene (3) | 3.21 ± 0.07 | 1.19 ± 0.01 (37.21%) | 29.99 ± 2.69 | 3.15 ± 0.31 | 0.94 ± 0.11 (29.96%) | 21.70 ± 1.52 |
7 | all-trans-δ-carotene | 14.48 ± 0.74 | 4.33 ± 0.25 (29.88%) | 30.44 ± 2.06 | 12.14 ± 1.70 | 2.86 ± 0.36 (23.67%) | 22.94 ± 1.60 |
8 | cis-γ-carotene (1) | 2.26 ± 0.11 | 0.67 ± 0.11 (29.80%) | 25.85 ± 2.12 | 2.39 ± 0.19 | 0.56 ± 0.08 (23.36%) | 19.70 ± 1.30 |
9 | all-trans-γ-carotene | 21.07 ± 0.67 | 6.73 ± 0.80 (32.02%) | 51.10 ± 5.27 | 16.95 ± 2.37 | 4.29 ± 0.46 (25.46%) | 33.82 ± 3.12 |
10 | cis-γ-carotene (2) | 27.52 ± 0.98 | 9.06 ± 0.92 (32.92%) | 46.40 ± 4.13 | 22.25 ± 3.34 | 5.62 ± 0.59 (25.42%) | 32.32 ± 2.93 |
11 | cis-γ-carotene (3) | 11.03 ± 0.41 | 3.66 ± 0.31 (33.21%) | 26.36 ± 2.08 | 9.98 ± 1.69 | 2.56 ± 0.14 (26.04%) | 20.23 ± 1.11 |
12 | 9-cis-lycopene | 12.35 ± 0.43 | 3.85 ± 0.42 (31.24%) | 41.64 ± 2.84 | 10.81 ± 1.47 | 2.66 ± 0.45 (24.57%) | 31.69 ± 2.32 |
13 | all-trans-lycopene | 26.90 ± 1.13 | 10.01 ± 0.86 (37.22%) | 99.37 ± 11.15 | 21.23 ± 3.26 | 6.62 ± 0.76 (31.38%) | 57.29 ± 11.13 |
Total | 186.30 ± 5.39 | 61.95 ± 5.50 (33.25%) # | 552.17 ± 3.65## | 151.25 ± 21.15 | 40.59 ± 4.42 (26.84%) | 380.16 ± 1.71 |
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de Souza Mesquita, L.M.; Murador, D.C.; Neves, B.V.; Braga, A.R.C.; Pisani, L.P.; de Rosso, V.V. Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction. Molecules 2021, 26, 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989
de Souza Mesquita LM, Murador DC, Neves BV, Braga ARC, Pisani LP, de Rosso VV. Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction. Molecules. 2021; 26(13):3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Souza Mesquita, Leonardo M., Daniella Carisa Murador, Bruna Vitória Neves, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga, Luciana Pellegrini Pisani, and Veridiana Vera de Rosso. 2021. "Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from Bactris gasipaes Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction" Molecules 26, no. 13: 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989