Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It
Abstract
1. Introduction
Gram Negative Bacteria
2. Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
2.1. Enterobacteriaceae
2.1.1. Enterobacteriaceae- 3rd Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant
2.1.2. Enterobacteriaceae- Carbapenem-Resistant
2.2. Acinetobacter baumannii
2.3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2.4. Helicobacter pylori- Clarithromycin-Resistant
2.5. Campylobacter- Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
2.6. Salmonella spp.- Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
2.6.1. Typhoidal Salmonella Resistance
2.6.2. Non-typhoidal Salmonella Resistance
2.7. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2.7.1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae- 3rd Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant
2.7.2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
2.8. Haemophilus influenza- Ampicillin-resistant
2.9. Shigella spp.- Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
3. Treatment
3.1. Antibiotic Adjuvants
3.1.1. β-Lactamase Inhibitors
3.1.2. Clavulanic Acid and Penicillin-based Sulfones
3.1.3. Diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs)
3.1.4. Boronic Acids as Transition State Analogs
3.2. Antibiotic Alternatives
3.2.1. Bacteriophages
3.2.2. DCAP
3.2.3. Odilorhabdins (ODLs)
3.2.4. Peptidic benzimidazoles
3.2.5. Quorum Sensing (QS) Inhibitors
3.2.6. Metal-Based Antibacterial Agents
4. Patient Education
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breijyeh, Z.; Jubeh, B.; Karaman, R. Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules 2020, 25, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340
Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules. 2020; 25(6):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340
Chicago/Turabian StyleBreijyeh, Zeinab, Buthaina Jubeh, and Rafik Karaman. 2020. "Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It" Molecules 25, no. 6: 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340
APA StyleBreijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., & Karaman, R. (2020). Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules, 25(6), 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340