Aluminium Drinking Water Treatment Residuals and Their Toxic Impact on Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coagulants
2.2. Water Samples Used for Coagulation
2.3. Experimental Procedure of Coagulation
2.4. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Coagulant Properties
3.2. Influence of Type and Dose of Aluminium Coagulants on the Concentration of Other Aluminium
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Indicator | Type of Coagulant | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminium Sulphate (VI) | Sodium Aluminate | PAX XL10 | Flokor 105B | |
Alkalinity ratio, r = [OH−]/[Al3+] | - | - | 2.10 | 2.55 |
Alkalinity (Z), % | - | - | 70 ± 7 | 85 ± 5 |
pH, - | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 0.5 | 2.50 ± 0.12 | 4.20 ± 0.50 |
Al3+, % | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.5 |
Fetot, % | <0.007 | <0.003 | - | - |
Indicator | Unit | Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Average | Maximum | ||
pH | - | 7.60 | - | 7.84 |
Alkalinity | mmol/dm3 | 3.55 | 3.65 | 3.80 |
Turbidity | NTU | 10.6 | 12.8 | 15.0 |
Colour | mgPt/dm3 | 6 | 11 | 16 |
TOC | mgC/dm3 | 6.781 | 6.832 | 7.282 |
DOC | mgC/dm3 | 6.264 | 6.576 | 6.888 |
Aluminium total | mgAl/dm3 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.020 |
Aluminum colloidal | mgAl/dm3 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Aluminum dissolved | mgAl/dm3 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.016 |
Zeta Potential | mV | −14.00 | −14.00 | −14.00 |
Iron total | mgFe/dm3 | 0.953 | 1.269 | 1.584 |
Iron (II) | mgFe/dm3 | 0.070 | 0.077 | 0.083 |
UV254 | m−1 | 14.25 | 15.37 | 16.49 |
SUVA [UV254/DOC] | m2/gC | 2.18 | 2.34 | 2.49 |
Aluminium Species | Aluminium Sulphate (VI) | Sodium Aluminate | PAX XL10 | Flokor 105B |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monomeric Al species (Ala), % | 91 | 100 | 6 | 3 |
Polymerized Al species (Alb), % | 9 | 0 | 28 | 54 |
Colloidal Al species (Alc),% | 0 | 0 | 66 | 43 |
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Krupińska, I. Aluminium Drinking Water Treatment Residuals and Their Toxic Impact on Human Health. Molecules 2020, 25, 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030641
Krupińska I. Aluminium Drinking Water Treatment Residuals and Their Toxic Impact on Human Health. Molecules. 2020; 25(3):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030641
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrupińska, Izabela. 2020. "Aluminium Drinking Water Treatment Residuals and Their Toxic Impact on Human Health" Molecules 25, no. 3: 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030641