Phenolic Profile of Herbal Infusion and Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Antirhea borbonica: Toxicity Assay Determination in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Determination of Total Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic/Flavonoid Contents of Aqueous and Acetonic Extracts
2.2. Characterization of Polyphenols from Antirhea borbonica Acetonic Extract
Phenolic Acids Quantification by UHPLC-HESI-MS
2.3. Zebrafish Embryo and Larvae Acute Toxicity Test
Survival and Lethality Curves on Zebrafish Embryos
3. Discussion
3.1. Polyphenol Content of Aqueous and Acetonic Extracts
3.2. Aqueous and Acetonic Extracts of Antirhea borbonica Exhibit Developmental and Toxicity at High Concentrations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents/Standards
4.2. Plant Material
4.3. Preparation of the Plant Extracts
4.4. Measurement of the Total Antioxidant Capacity of Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extracts
4.5. Determination of Phenolic Acid Content
4.6. Determination of Flavonoid Content
4.7. Polyphenolic Compounds Identification and Quantification LC-UV-HESI-MS/MS
Preparation of Standard Solution, Calibration Curves, and Method Validation
4.8. Zebrafish Husbandry
4.9. Developmental Toxicity Test (Zebrafish Embryos)
4.10. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Crushed leaves of A. borbonica available from the authors. |
IC50 (g/L) | ||
---|---|---|
Ascorbic Acid | Acetonic Extract | Aqueous Extract |
2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.3 |
Peak Number | RT (min) | Compound | Molecular Formula | Mass Error (ppm) | [M − H]− | MS/MS Fragments | mzCloud Best Match (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.52 | d-Quinic acid | C7H12O6 | 0.4 | 191.0554 | 111.0076 | 85.5 |
2 | 2.17 | Protocatechuic acid | C7H6O4 | 0.13 | 153.0184 | 109.0283 | 82.7 |
3 | 2.63 | 3-Caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | 1.03 | 353.0877 | 191.0554, 179.0343, 173.0447, 135.0441 | 85 |
4 | 3.47 | 5-Caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | 1.03 | 353.0877 | 191.0554, 179.0343, 173.0447, 135.0441 | 88.3 |
5 | 3.68 | Caffeic acid | C9 H8 O4 | 0.2 | 179.0341 | 135.0441 | 80.2 |
6 | 4.09 | p-Coumaroyl quinic acid isomer | C16H18O8 | 1.3 | 337.0931 | 191.0550, 173.0446, 163.0392 | 84.6 |
7 | 4.18 | p-Coumaroyl quinic acid isomer | C16H18O8 | 1.3 | 337.0931 | 191.0550, 173.0446, 163.0392 | 84.6 |
8 | 4.2 | o/m-Coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | 0.2 | 163.0391 | 119.049 | 81.2 |
9 | 4.36 | Feruloylquinic acid | C17H20O9 | 0.5 | 367.1035 | 191.0550, 173.0446 | _ |
10 | 4.43 | p-Coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | 0.1 | 163.0391 | 119.049 | 81.2 |
11 | 4.74 | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin) | C27H30O16 | 1.6 | 609.1466 | 300.0274 | 94.8 |
12 | 4.94 | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | C21H20O12 | 1.33 | 463.0884 | 300.0274 | 90.9 |
13 | 5.01 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | C21H20O12 | 1.33 | 463.0884 | 300.0274 | 90.9 |
14 | 5.26 | Kaempferol-O-hexoside | C21H20O11 | 1.35 | 447.0935 | 284.0326 | 83.7 |
15 | 5.45 | Kaempferol-O-hexoside | C21H20O11 | 1.35 | 447.0935 | 284.0326 | 83.7 |
16 | 5.82 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | C25H24O12 | 1.04 | 515.1196 | 353.0878, 191.0554, 179.0343, 173.0447, 135.0441 | 83.6 |
17 | 6.02 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | C25H24O12 | 1.04 | 515.1195 | 353.0878, 173.0447, 191.0554, 179.0343, 135.0441 | 88.1 |
18 | 6.2 | 4-Caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | 1.03 | 353.0877 | 173.0447, 191.0554, 179.0343, 173.0447, 135.0441 | 86.3 |
19 | 6.36 | 1,4/4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | C25H24O12 | 1.04 | 515.1194 | 353.0878, 173.0447, 191.0554, 179.0343, 135.0441 | 89.1 |
Concentration in Acetonic Extract (mg/mL) | Concentration in Aqueous Extract (mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Peak | Phenolic Acids | ||
5 | Caffeic acid | 0.002162 ± 0.000066 | 0.000703 ± 0.000039 *** |
10 | p-Coumaric acid | 0.002755 ± 0.000728 | 0.001768 ± 0.000176 * |
8 | m/o-Coumaric acid | 0.000470 ± 0.000003 | 0.000208 ± 0.000004 |
4 | 5-CQA | 0.004718 ± 0.000279 | 0.008558 ± 0.000477 *** |
3 | 3-CQA | 0.000840 ± 0.000093 | 0.001604 ± 0.000157 *** |
17 | 3,4-diCQA | 0.004704 ± 0.000326 | 0.000503 ± 0.000034 *** |
19 | 1,4/4,5-diCQA | 0.000262 ± 0.000020 | 0.000090 ± 0.000003 ** |
16 | 3,5-diCQA | 0.002629 ± 0.000161 | 0.000842 ± 0.000029 *** |
2 | Protocatechuic acid | 0.004070 ± 0.000250 | 0.002415 ± 0.000387 *** |
Total | 0.023061 | 0.016693 | |
Flavonols | |||
11 | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 0.011933 ± 0.002018 | 0.003977 ± 0.000473 *** |
12 | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 0.001791 ± 0.000204 | 0.000591 ± 0.000033 *** |
14/15 | Kaempferol hexosides | 0.000216 ± 0.000054 | 0.000044 ± 0.000005 ** |
Total | 0.013941 | 0.004612 |
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Veeren, B.; Ghaddar, B.; Bringart, M.; Khazaal, S.; Gonthier, M.-P.; Meilhac, O.; Diotel, N.; Bascands, J.-L. Phenolic Profile of Herbal Infusion and Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Antirhea borbonica: Toxicity Assay Determination in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Molecules 2020, 25, 4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194482
Veeren B, Ghaddar B, Bringart M, Khazaal S, Gonthier M-P, Meilhac O, Diotel N, Bascands J-L. Phenolic Profile of Herbal Infusion and Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Antirhea borbonica: Toxicity Assay Determination in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194482
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeeren, Bryan, Batoul Ghaddar, Matthieu Bringart, Shaymaa Khazaal, Marie-Paule Gonthier, Olivier Meilhac, Nicolas Diotel, and Jean-Loup Bascands. 2020. "Phenolic Profile of Herbal Infusion and Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Antirhea borbonica: Toxicity Assay Determination in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae" Molecules 25, no. 19: 4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194482