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Article

Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Conjugates Involving Lanthanide Diphthalocyanines and Trifluoroacetic Acid (Lnpc2@TFA): Structure, Photoactivity, and Stability

by
Gabriela Dyrda
1,*,
Maja Zakrzyk
1,
Małgorzata A. Broda
1,
Tomasz Pędziński
2,
Giuseppe Mele
3 and
Rudolf Słota
1
1
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
3
Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(16), 3638; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163638
Submission received: 10 July 2020 / Revised: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 7 August 2020 / Published: 10 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tetrapyrroles, Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines II)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The interaction between lanthanide diphthalocyanine complexes, LnPc2 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Yb, Lu; Pc = C32H16N8, phthalocyanine ligand) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was investigated in benzene, and the stability of the resulting molecular system was assessed based on spectral (UV-Vis) and kinetic measurements. Structural Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided interesting data regarding the nature of the bonding and allowed estimating the interaction energy between the LnPc2 and TFA species. Conjugates are created between the LnPc2 and TFA molecules via hydrogen bonds of moderate strength (>N∙∙H··) at the meso- -bridges of the Pc moieties, which renders the sandwich system to flatten. Attachment of TFA is followed by rearrangement of electronic density within the chromophore system of the macrocycles manifested in considerable changes in their UV-Vis spectra and consequently the color of the studied solutions (from green to orange). The LnPc2@TFA conjugates including Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd appeared evidently less photostable when exposed to UV radiation than the related mother compounds, whereas in the case of Yb and Lu derivatives some TFA-prompted stabilizing effect was noticed. The conjugates displayed the capacity for singlet oxygen generation in contrast to the LnPc2s itself. Photon upconversion through sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation was demonstrated by the TFA conjugates of Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Phthalocyanine derivatives are ranked among one of the most important molecular materials. From among a great number of possible structural variations, particularly the sandwich complexes of the lanthanide metals series offer a wide range of useful features meeting the demands for smart chemical components to be used for versatile purposes [1,2]. These include essentially modern electronics, optoelectronics, and catalytic applications. The peculiar molecular system consisting of a trivalent lanthanide (Ln) ion coordinated by two Pc macrocycles (Figure 1) renders the LnPc2 semiconductors display a considerably smaller energy bandgap and hence much better electrical conductivity and higher charge mobility compared with typical metallophthalocyanines (e.g., CuPc, ZnPc) [3,4]. This is considered crucial for intermolecular charge transfer in film integrated circuits, catalytic systems, and photoactive composites. Moreover, the LnPc2s effectively absorb the photonic energy from the UV and red-edge range which may boost the electron transfer in photo-conducting electronic components.
Generally, the phthalocyanines are considered relative stable under visible and infrared light but they exhibit diverse resistance to UV radiation [5,6]. Among them, the LnPc2 complexes featured remarkable photostability in organic media [7,8].
The phthalocyanine macrocycle has been proved susceptible to interactions with several diverse molecules via the meso-nitrogen atoms (N-bridges), and particularly with electron acceptor species [9,10,11]. This is a common feature of both the free-base H2Pc and its metal complexes, which is considered critically important for application purposes. The most extensive investigations so far referred to the effect of acidic compounds on the chemistry of phthalocyanines while in solution (organic solvents, water), and especially the protonation process was widely explored. It was found that under typical conditions addition of acid usually resulted in protonation only of the four meso-N atoms [12,13]; however in the case of H2Pc it was suggested elsewhere that possibly the both remaining pyrrole nitrogens may also be engaged [14]. Obviously, the latter one does not apply to the metal complexes.
The protonation process itself is generally regarded as a successive accommodation of the H+ species which consequently affects the distribution of electronic density within the inner chromophore system (phthalocyanine core) followed by considerable changes of photochemical properties [15,16]. This is clearly demonstrated in the UV-Vis spectrum by stepwise modification of the Q-band character while increasing the acid concentration in the phthalocyanine solution. Hence, spectrophotometric titration has been widely used as a convenient procedure providing evidence for the formation of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-cations [15,17,18,19,20,21,22]. The protonation process was found solvent-specific and depends on the stability of the phthalocyanine complex as well as on the strength of the acid used. Basically, the protonated Pc macrocycle is considered less chemically stable [23,24,25,26]. Notably labile compounds (e.g., PbPc, MgPc) do not create stable protonated forms and are subject to prompt demetallation and subsequent cleavage of the Pc moiety, particularly in the presence of strong acids such as H2SO4 [27,28]. Incidentally, some complexes (NiPc, CuPc) proved to resist even that strong acids, nevertheless several phthalocyanines appeared quite stable in less aggressive protic media, and demonstrated interesting acid-base chemistry [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. This is regarded as an important quality which determines the wide spectrum of possible application of phthalocyanines as active sensors of protic acids and equally of other electron acceptors, as well as components of semiconductor systems, catalysts and photosensitizers [42]. The lanthanide diphthalocyanines reveal a particular attractive behavior when treated with common Lewis acids, featured by distinct stepwise color changes, both in the solid state and in solution, strictly related to the acid concentration. The effect of both protic and non-protic electron acceptors was reported elsewhere, e.g., acetic acid [43], triflic acid [44], sulfur dioxide [45,46,47] or thionyl chloride [48].
TFA is an important versatile acid (less oxidizing than H2SO4) used as a reagent in organic synthesis, as an ion pairing agent in HPLC or solvent for NMR spectroscopy, and calibrant in mass spectrometry. It is also extensively used in studies concerning the acidic activation of porphyrins or typical mono-phthalocyanines [26,49,50]. However, in this scope the lanthanide diphthalocyanines thus far were not sufficiently explored. Such activation is often required i.a. in hybrid photocatalytic systems involving phthalocyanine photosensitizers, and usually sulfuric acid has been used to this end [51,52]. Nevertheless, our recent investigations proved that TFA might have appeared yet more effective in enhancing the photochemical properties of LnPc2 complexes. For this reason, in the present work we have studied the impact of TFA species on selected diphthalocyanines including the trivalent ions of Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Yb, and Lu. To avoid unwanted solvent effects our experiments were carried out in non-polar and neutral benzene. DFT calculations helped assessing structural consequences resulting from the interaction of the bis-macrocyclic molecular system with TFA. Photostability of such conjugates (adducts) was the crucial element of this research, since they are expected to show catalytic and biochemical activity, which would make them particularly attractive for light-sensitized medical therapies [53,54,55]. Also, the singlet oxygen issue was relevant here, since its production may somewhat affect the robustness of the phthalocyanine macrocycles toward oxidative degradation [5,6,56,57,58].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Formation of LnPc2@TFA Conjugates

The interaction between LnPc2 and TFA molecules proceeds similar to a typical titration process and finally results in formation of phthalocyanine-acid conjugates, LuPc2@TFA. This general formula refers to a double-decker system hosting eight TFA molecules showing up a unique hydrogen bond-mediated set-up (see Section 2.2). The reaction progress can be followed by monitoring the spectral changes in the UV-Vis range, as reported in Figure 2, which are featured by gradual shift in color from the initial green to the eventual orange. These different colored forms represent the two terminal varieties of the same LnPc2 unit, characterized by diverse distribution of the delocalized electronic charge within the macrocycle’s chromophore system (phthalocyanine core), Figure 3. The spectral correlation between the mother compound and the orange conjugate reflects the susceptibility of the internal π-electronic core to be effectively affected by polarizing action of electron acceptor species [45] or the electric field potential [1,2]. In the studied case, the reason of the observed changes is the immediate interaction of the proton donor (TFA) with the meso-N-bridges of the macrocycle, which may be considered in terms of a soft oxidizing effect [7,45].
The TFA quantity required to achieve the maximum amount of the orange conjugate in the benzene solution was found equal for the complexes of Sm, Eu, Gd, Yb, and Lu, and for the initial LnPc2 concentration of ca. 2.0∙10−5 M the experimentally determined concentration of TFA was 0.2 M. Further addition of the acid (up to 0.3 M) did not increase the amount of LnPc2@TFA (i.e., the absorbance of the orange form remained constant). A notable exception proved NdPc2 which already at TFA concentration of about 0.05 M produced the orange form, but at the same time showed also apparent symptoms of molecular decay, Figure 2; Figure 4, and Supporting Information (SI) Figures S3 and S4. This follows from the weaker interaction of the Nd3+ ion with the both phthalocyanine macrocycles, compared with the heavier more strongly polarizing Ln3+ ions, which makes the NdPc2 molecules much more susceptible to protonation by TFA than the remaining investigated complexes.
The analysis of the UV-Vis spectra provided some interesting reflections. Since the positions of the B and Q bands were specifically related to the particular phthalocyanines, also the conjugates’ spectra differed from each other, as reported in Table 1 (for more extensive spectral data see SI Figures S1 and S2). Obviously, the observed changes clearly indicate for effective structural modifications involving the macrocycles (see Section 2.2).
In the case of the LnPc2@TFA systems, the corresponding B band moved slightly towards shorter wavelengths, whereas the Q-band shifted much more pronouncedly into the red spectral range. Such changes result from the decrease in electron density at the meso-N-bridges and consequently in the both Pc chromophores due to the polarizing impact of the TFA protons.
Also, the less intense CT (charge transfer) bands may be related to the redistribution of electronic density within the macrocycles. The MLCT (metal-to-ligand CT) bands, upon protonation shifted at the longer wavelengths, and the most pronounced change, 53 nm, was found in the case of NdPc2@TFA and the least one, only 25 nm, showed the LuPc2@TFA conjugate. This is consistent with the lower polarizing potential of the Nd3+ ion compared with that of the Lu3+. However, the most significant effect was demonstrated by the LMCT (ligand-to-metal CT) bands, which for the LnPc2 complexes fall into the NIR spectral region. Protonation of the macrocycles causes a considerable band shift further into the NIR range only for the conjugates of the Nd (142 nm), Sm (154 nm), Eu (169 nm) and Gd (85 nm) complexes, whereas for the Yb and Lu derivatives the changes were reversed, i.e., the LMCT band appeared at wavelengths shorter of 6 and 23 nm, respectively. This again may be attributed to the stronger interaction of the heaviest lanthanides (Yb, Lu) with the macrocycles hosting four TFA molecules each, demonstrated also by enhanced stability of the YbPc2@TFA and LuPc2@TFA molecular systems, as followed from photostability studies reported in Section 2.4.
The process of formation of the TFA conjugates was found reversible and the initial LnPc2 form may be recovered after introducing of some electron donors into the system, e.g., by passing NH3 through the solution or by an addition of triethylamine (TEA). This would have indicated for a moderate interaction strength between TFA and the macrocycles. The reaction of the conjugates with TEA (Figure 4) revealed the strengths and the weaknesses of the individual LnPc2 systems, highlighting the significant role of the complexed metal, Table 2.
As already seen during the protonation process, NdPc2 represents the least stable compound here. It is generally known that the heavier rare earth elements produce more stable sandwich phthalocyanines than those from the beginning of the row. This was clearly demonstrated by the Yb and Lu complexes which did not suffer from the interaction with TFA and therefore could be regained without any loss after the reaction of their conjugates with triethylamine.

2.2. Molecular Structure of the LnPc2@TFA Conjugates (DFT Approach)

The results of DFT computations reported below have been based on the LuPc2 and LuPc2@TFA model systems, which we believe sufficiently well reflect the main structural implications resulting from simultaneous interaction of the mother LnPc2 compound with eight TFA species. This approach allowed also estimating the intermolecular interaction energy (ΔE) between the phthalocyanine moiety and TFA. The particular structures have been shown in Figure 5, and the principal molecular parameters have been displayed in Table 3.
The TFA molecule acts as a proton donor linked with the Pc moiety via the meso-N atoms (>Nµ⸱⸱H−OOCF3) thus creating a unique hydrogen bond-mediated molecular system LuPc2(TFA)8, as shown in Figure 5b. The computed interaction energy totaled 245 kJ/mol, hence it was 30.6 kJ/mol per one H-bond, and the mean Nµ⸱⸱H distance was 180 pm, which indicates for a hydrogen bond of moderate strength (Table 3). Therefore, the acid species can be relatively easy detracted from the conjugates by triethylamine, as demonstrated above (Figure 4). The TFA molecules did not particularly affect neither the Lu−Np distance nor the Pc-core size (Sc); however, it drastically influenced the periphery of the macrocycles. As follows from Table 3, the interplanar spacing between the cores of the macrocycles (4Np, 4Nµ) actually did not change, which means the structure of the chromophore system remained intact. In fact, the both macrocycles in LuPc2@TFA evidently got flattened following the decrease in tilt (14.0° → 8.0°) of the peripheral benzene rings (8Cb). This resulted in closer distance between the outer virtual planes involving the 8Cb atoms in the particular macrocycles (Figure 5a) and certainly produced additional stress in the bonding system. The TFA species, as viewed from their symmetry plane including the C−C axis and the O atoms, are not perpendicular to the macrocycle plane (as found e.g., in ZnPc@TFA) and hence the torsion exhibited by the opposite TFA molecules (Figure 5c). Indeed, these structural effects well correspond with the observed spectrochemical properties reported in Section 2.1. Further DFT studies concerning other LnPc2 conjugates are in progress now and will be reported in a successive work.

2.3. Fluorescence Spectra and Singlet Oxygen Generation

Both LnPc2 and LnPc2@TFA produced fluorescence emission once excited by photons of energy matching up the B or Q absorption bands, Figure 6 (SI, Figure S6). Most of the investigated compounds displayed intensive blue emission. On the other hand, the fluorescence in the red range proved to be pronounced only in the case of the LnPc2 solutions, whereas the LnPc2@TFA conjugates showed a very weak emission, except for NdPc2@TFA.
Fluorescence lifetimes were calculated from the quenching curves measured after excitation using a 633 nm laser beam. No peculiar relationship to the investigated LnPc2 compounds was found and the obtained values were on the nanosecond timescale, in the range of 4.5 ns (NdPc2) to 5.8 ns (YbPc2). However, in case of the TFA conjugates the fluorescence decay kinetics appeared more complicated, and the lifetimes could be estimated less precisely than for the base complexes. Nevertheless, these values appeared definitely smaller, approximately between 2.3 ns (YbPc2@TFA) and 2.8 ns (SmPc2@TFA).
The Stokes shift (Table 4) was large for excitations in the shortwave range, ΔS(B), which means that radiationless emission contributed considerably to the quenching of the excited states. On the other hand, excitation in the longwave range resulted in much smaller Stokes shifts featuring ΔS(Q) of 19–35 nm, but only in the case of LnPc2 base compounds. It must be noted that they were evidently greater for the heavier metals. Interestingly, the LnPc2@TFA conjugates yielded anti-Stokes shifts (ΔS < 0), which is indicative of photon upconversion. In such case the excitation by lower-energy photons gives rise to photons of higher energy. This phenomenon may be explained in terms of a sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation nonlinear process [59]. The singlet excited state of metal phthalocyanines may be converted into the triplet state (intersystem crossing) and this process is especially effective for closed-shell heavy metal ions which strongly enhance the spin-orbit coupling and hence the population of triplet excited states. Indeed, all the studied TFA conjugates revealed the potential to produce triplet excited states, which was confirmed by their capability to generate singlet molecular oxygen (1Δg), Figure 7. Hence, such molecules may also have actively promoted the photon upconversion process. This particular feature is very important i.a. in converting longwave red or NIR light into more energetic photons for the reason of smart optoelectronic devices and particularly operational photovoltaics [59]. The LnPc2-based conjugates involving diverse electron acceptor species represent a group of prospective photoactive molecular systems and they will be dedicated a more detailed photochemical investigation in an upcoming project.
Of all the investigated LnPc2 systems, only the complex of the closed-shell Lu3+ effectively generated singlet oxygen (1Δg), whereas this was typical for each of the tested TFA conjugates. This was confirmed by a characteristic radiative emission at 1270 nm, following the collisional triplet–triplet energy transfer from the excited photosensitizer (phthalocyanine) to the ground triplet state of molecular oxygen, Figure 7 (Figure S7). The singlet oxygen lifetimes determined for the respective conjugates were on the microsecond timescale, within the range of 21.6 µs (SmPc2@TFA) and 27.3 µs (YbPc2@TFA). It is commonly known that under certain conditions the photoexcited phthalocyanines may also populate the triplet state which may further be quenched by triplet-state acceptors such as O2 molecules, thus yielding the 1Δg singlet oxygen. A simplified reaction path and a related energetic diagram have been shown in Scheme 1. It is not quite clear, what is the principal root of this peculiar property in the case of the LnPc2@TFA conjugates, though undoubtedly protonation of the meso-N atoms of the Pc macrocycles apparently favors the intersystem S1 → T1 transition. Some mechanistic aspects referred to this point must still be elucidated, and further research needs to be carried out to encompass this problem.

2.4. Photostability

All the investigated systems proved susceptible to UV irradiation. Photodegradation of LnPc2 molecules has developed according to a two-step mechanism, Figure 8. The process was found irreversible and the spectral changes observed during the I stage correspond to the decay of the sandwich system and gradual cleavage of the Pc macrocycles. Meanwhile, an intermediate product has been formed, reaching its maximum concentration after the complete decomposition of the starting compound, Figure 8a. In the II stage further degradation of this product has been continued. On the other hand, photodegradation of the LnPc2@TFA conjugates went smoothly on in one step only, Figure 8c. More photodegradation related spectra have been shown in SI, Figure S8. Incidentally, the main degradation product seems to be equal in all studied cases, and based on the UV-Vis and FTIR analyses of the post-reaction residue most likely it is phthalimide (SI, Figure S10a,b), often found in photolyzed phthalocyanine solutions [7]. This would indicate for an oxygen-mediated photodegradation process.
The kinetic profiles based on absorbance (A) measurements, A = f(t), determined for the photodegradation of LnPc2 (stage I and II) and LnPc2@TFA, all followed the simple first-order exponential relation, A = A0 × e−kt (where A0 = A(t = 0)). The effective rate constants, k, have been shown in Table 5 and the related kinetic curves are reported in SI, Figure S9. However, the quantum yields (Φ) of the photodegradation process could only be roughly estimated based on the kinetic data, and as such they have not been considered relevant for the discussion here. Nevertheless, they have been reported with some comments in the Supplementary Information section (Table S1). Incidentally, these results perfectly align with the kinetic data presented below.
As follows from the kinetic data, in essence, the decay of the sandwich system in LnPc2 has been accomplished approximately within the first 400 min of UV-illumination (SI, Figure S8). The most UV-resistant proved the lutetium compound, whereas the other ones surprisingly including also YbPc2 showed lower (but alike) stability. The II stage evidently applies to the photodecomposition of the same kind of intermediate product; hence the reaction rates are roughly of similar order. Protonation by TFA considerably weakened the molecular stability in the case of the Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd compounds, and particularly that of the NdPc2@TFA conjugate, which has supported the results discussed in Section 2.1. Interestingly, the chromophore systems in the Yb and Lu conjugates appeared definitely more photostable than they showed before protonation. Since the observed photodegradation is actually realized due to the reaction of the photoexcited phthalocyanines with oxygen species first at the N-bridges integrating the macrocycle system, the stabilizing back-polarizing effect of the metal ion and some shielding provided by the hosted TFA molecules may be crucial to this point. This might have explained the increased photostability of the systems including the stronger polarizing Yb3+ and Lu3+ ions. In contrast to the latter ones, the other lanthanide ions evinced less potential to effectively cope with the impact of TFA (reducing the electronic density on the bridging N atoms) resulting in flattened and hence more stressed macrocycles. However, the role of singlet oxygen 1O2 in the photodecay of these compounds is not quite clear-cut, most probably this reactive species might not had been generated under the conditions of the photostability investigations.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Diphthalocyanine complexes of Ln(III) (Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Yb, and Lu) were synthesized in our laboratory (Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole) according to the own developed procedure [8,60]. Benzene and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland) and used as supplied.

3.2. Spectrophotometric Measurements

JASCO V-670 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer (Spectra Manager V.2 software) and quartz cuvettes (1 cm optical path length, V = 4 mL) were used to measure electronic absorption spectra. FluoTime 300 fluorescence spectrometer (PicoQuant, Berlin, Germany) was used to collect emission spectral data.
Singlet oxygen (1Δg) emission spectra were measured directly (in benzene) according to the procedure reported in [50]. For this reason, a technique of time-resolved near infrared detection of singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)) phosphorescence at 1270 nm has been developed using a FluoTime 300 fluorescence spectrometer (PicoQuant, Berlin, Germany) equipped with a picosecond diode laser (440 nm) operating at 40 MHz repetition rate [61]. This procedure allowed distinguishing between a usually “slow” singlet oxygen emission occurring on a microsecond timescale, and a fast, nanosecond room temperature phosphorescence of the sensitizer. The singlet oxygen lifetime (τΔ) was calculated from the phosphorescence decay at λ = 1270 nm (at 22°C).

3.3. Phthalocyanine Protonation by TFA

Titration of the respective phthalocyanines in benzene was carried out in a 4 mL quartz cuvette as follows; 1 mL of LnPc2 solution (4.0 × 10−5 M) was mixed with 1 mL of a benzene solution containing a specified amount of TFA, and hence the initial concentration of LnPc2 was kept constant (2.0 × 10−5 M) in all samples tested. The resulting solution was agitated, and its UV-Vis spectrum was measured thereon. The TFA concentration was gradually increased, and the procedure was continued until the maximum absorbance of the protonated form, i.e., the orange-colored LnPc2@TFA conjugate, was achieved.

3.4. Photostability Studies

To assess the photostability a similar procedure was applied, as in our previously reported works [7,8]. The tested solutions were exposed to UV radiation (500 μW/cm2) in a thermostated quartz cuvette (at 20°C). For this purpose, a mercury medium pressure lamp (Heraeus St-46) characterized by narrow emission lines of similar spectral irradiance at λ = 313, 366, and 436 nm was used. Irradiance was measured at the cuvette wall facing the light source. The explored solutions were not de-aerated prior to testing. Kinetic curves, A = f(t), reflecting the phthalocyanine degradation were determined from time-correlated absorbance measurements, i.e., from the peak absorption value of the Q-band. The effective photolysis rate constants, k, were computed directly from kinetic data (CurveExpert v.1.34 software, Hyams Development, Huntsville, AL, USA).

3.5. Theoretical Structural Studies

The DFT approach appeared sufficiently accurate to characterize the modification of the porphyrin’s chromophore system due to the impact of trihaloacetic acids [49,50]. Moreover, it was successfully used to describe the structural and spectroscopic properties of lanthanide complexes [62,63,64], hence in this study we have applied the B3LYP hybrid functional with the 6-31G(d), LANL2DZ, def2-TZVP basis sets for geometry optimizations using standard parameters in the Gaussian 09 program package [65]. Harmonic frequency calculations were performed to assure that the computed structures refer to the true energy minima. Conjugates between the LnPc2 and TFA molecules were created via hydrogen bonds at the meso-N-bridges of the Pc moieties. All interaction energies were corrected for basis set superposition error (BSSE) applying the counterpoise method [66] as implemented in Gaussian 09.

4. Summary

Sandwich complexes of phthalocyanine comprising Ln3+ ions readily undergo protonation by TFA, and the process may be reversed by adding of an electron donor. The resulting conjugates represent H-bond-mediated systems in which the macrocycles have been forced to adapt a flatter and hence more stressed structure than in a typical LnPc2 unit. Hence, their stability depends on the back-polarizing potential of the coordinated metal, which has manifested in the much more stable structures of Yb and Lu compounds in contrast to the other metals. The LnPc2@TFA conjugates demonstrated interesting photochemistry, featuring i.a. photon upconversion capability and potential to generate singlet oxygen, both of which are supposed to attract attention of the scientific community.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Extensive absorption and emission spectra, molecular structure details, and kinetic curves are available online.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.D. and R.S.; methodology, G.D., R.S. and M.A.B.; software, M.A.B.; formal analysis, R.S., G.D. and G.M.; investigation, G.D., M.Z., T.P. and M.A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, R.S.; writing—review and editing, R.S., G.D. and G.M.; visualization, G.D.; supervision, R.S.; project administration, G.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds studied are available from the authors.
Molecules 25 03638 g001 550
Figure 1. Free-base phthalocyanine, H2Pc (a); general molecular structure of LnPc2 (b) and top view (c); electronic absorption spectra of LuPc2 (blue line) and ZnPc (black line) in DMF (d).
Figure 1. Free-base phthalocyanine, H2Pc (a); general molecular structure of LnPc2 (b) and top view (c); electronic absorption spectra of LuPc2 (blue line) and ZnPc (black line) in DMF (d).
Molecules 25 03638 g001
Molecules 25 03638 g002 550
Figure 2. Formation of the TFA conjugates (orange form) with (a) NdPc2 and (b) YbPc2 traced by spectrophotometric measurements in the UV-Vis range. The TFA concentration necessary to produce the maximum amount of the Yb-conjugate is 4 × higher than in the case of Nd.
Figure 2. Formation of the TFA conjugates (orange form) with (a) NdPc2 and (b) YbPc2 traced by spectrophotometric measurements in the UV-Vis range. The TFA concentration necessary to produce the maximum amount of the Yb-conjugate is 4 × higher than in the case of Nd.
Molecules 25 03638 g002
Molecules 25 03638 g003 550
Figure 3. Terminal UV-Vis spectra in benzene of (a) YbPc2 (green form), and (b) YbPc2@TFA (orange form).
Figure 3. Terminal UV-Vis spectra in benzene of (a) YbPc2 (green form), and (b) YbPc2@TFA (orange form).
Molecules 25 03638 g003
Molecules 25 03638 g004 550
Figure 4. Reversibility of the TFA-conjugate formation: (1) initial form LnPc2 (green line), (2) the conjugate LnPc2@TFA (orange line), (3) recovery of the initial form after adding TEA to the (2) solution (black line); note the partial decay of the SmPc2 molecular system (left) and complete regeneration of the YbPc2 initial form (right).
Figure 4. Reversibility of the TFA-conjugate formation: (1) initial form LnPc2 (green line), (2) the conjugate LnPc2@TFA (orange line), (3) recovery of the initial form after adding TEA to the (2) solution (black line); note the partial decay of the SmPc2 molecular system (left) and complete regeneration of the YbPc2 initial form (right).
Molecules 25 03638 g004
Molecules 25 03638 g005 550
Figure 5. Calculated molecular structures: (a) LuPc2 featuring the virtual 8Cb planes; (b) the LuPc2@TFA conjugate; (c) LuPc2@TFA featuring the torsion angle (γ) between the opposite TFA molecules.
Figure 5. Calculated molecular structures: (a) LuPc2 featuring the virtual 8Cb planes; (b) the LuPc2@TFA conjugate; (c) LuPc2@TFA featuring the torsion angle (γ) between the opposite TFA molecules.
Molecules 25 03638 g005
Molecules 25 03638 g006 550
Figure 6. Fluorescence emission spectra of the base EuPc2 complex (left) and its TFA-conjugate (right) in benzene solution.
Figure 6. Fluorescence emission spectra of the base EuPc2 complex (left) and its TFA-conjugate (right) in benzene solution.
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Molecules 25 03638 g007 550
Figure 7. Singlet oxygen (1Δg) NIR emission spectra measured in benzene for LuPc2, EuPc2 and their TFA conjugates (λexc = 690 nm) due to 1Δg → 3Σ−g transition (Scheme 1).
Figure 7. Singlet oxygen (1Δg) NIR emission spectra measured in benzene for LuPc2, EuPc2 and their TFA conjugates (λexc = 690 nm) due to 1Δg → 3Σ−g transition (Scheme 1).
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Molecules 25 03638 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Basic photoreaction path resulting in generating of singlet molecular oxygen (1Δg) involving a phthalocyanine photosensitizer PS (top) and simplified energetic diagram (below) showing the excitation of the PS from the singlet ground state S0 into the excited singlet S1 state next converted into the triplet excited state T1 (intersystem crossing, isc); the energy of the T1 state (of the 3PS*) is then transferred to the oxygen molecules (while in their triplet ground state, 3O2) thus promoting the creation of singlet oxygen species (1O2).
Scheme 1. Basic photoreaction path resulting in generating of singlet molecular oxygen (1Δg) involving a phthalocyanine photosensitizer PS (top) and simplified energetic diagram (below) showing the excitation of the PS from the singlet ground state S0 into the excited singlet S1 state next converted into the triplet excited state T1 (intersystem crossing, isc); the energy of the T1 state (of the 3PS*) is then transferred to the oxygen molecules (while in their triplet ground state, 3O2) thus promoting the creation of singlet oxygen species (1O2).
Molecules 25 03638 sch001
Molecules 25 03638 g008 550
Figure 8. Photodegradation of LuPc2 and its TFA-conjugate in benzene solution upon exposure to UV irradiation; arrows indicate the time-correlated trend in changes of the crucial bands (wavelength specified). (a) The I stage of LuPc2 photolysis, t = 0 (green line) and t = 400 min (red line); (b) The II stage starting from t = 400 min up to 850 min; (c) Course of the LuPc2@TFA photolysis, t = 0 (orange line) up to 300 min.
Figure 8. Photodegradation of LuPc2 and its TFA-conjugate in benzene solution upon exposure to UV irradiation; arrows indicate the time-correlated trend in changes of the crucial bands (wavelength specified). (a) The I stage of LuPc2 photolysis, t = 0 (green line) and t = 400 min (red line); (b) The II stage starting from t = 400 min up to 850 min; (c) Course of the LuPc2@TFA photolysis, t = 0 (orange line) up to 300 min.
Molecules 25 03638 g008
Table
Table 1. Peak position (λmax, nm) of the B, CT (charge transfer) and Q bands in the UV-Vis spectra of the initial (green) LnPc2 complexes and the LnPc2@TFA conjugates (orange) in benzene; MLCT = metal-to-ligand charge transfer, LMCT = ligand-to-metal charge transfer.
Table 1. Peak position (λmax, nm) of the B, CT (charge transfer) and Q bands in the UV-Vis spectra of the initial (green) LnPc2 complexes and the LnPc2@TFA conjugates (orange) in benzene; MLCT = metal-to-ligand charge transfer, LMCT = ligand-to-metal charge transfer.
Compound BandNdPc2SmPc2EuPc2GdPc2YbPc2LuPc2
LnPc2 (green form)B324322323322319318
MLCT461459458458456456
Q675669668667659658
LMCT900901901904912915
LnPc2@TFA
(orange form)		B312311311308311311
MLCT514503509498486481
Q710707709708694694
LMCT104210551070989906892
Table
Table 2. Degradation degree, δ(%), of LnPc2 during the reaction of LnPc2@TFA with triethylamine (TEA) in benzene; δ = [(A0 − A1)/A0] × 100%, where A0 and A1 refer to the initial and final absorbance (recovered) of LnPc2, respectively (see Figure 4 and Figure S4 in SI).
Table 2. Degradation degree, δ(%), of LnPc2 during the reaction of LnPc2@TFA with triethylamine (TEA) in benzene; δ = [(A0 − A1)/A0] × 100%, where A0 and A1 refer to the initial and final absorbance (recovered) of LnPc2, respectively (see Figure 4 and Figure S4 in SI).
Compound NdPc2SmPc2EuPc2GdPc2YbPc2LuPc2
δ%1002827600
Table
Table 3. Selected molecular data for the base LuPc2 complex and its LuPc2@TFA conjugate; ΔE—total intermolecular interaction energy, Sc—macrocycle core perimeter (Ǻ), Lu−Np is the mean metal−N(pyrrole) distance (Ǻ) (standard deviation < 10−3); 4Np, 4Nµ and 8Cb refer to the distance between the both macrocycles expressed by interplanar spacing of planes defined by the 4 pyrrole N, 4 meso-N and the 8 peripheral benzene C atoms, respectively (Ǻ); Nµ⸱⸱H is the mean hydrogen bond length (Ǻ) (standard deviation < 10−3); α—inclination of the benzopyrrole units toward the 4Np plane; β—inclination of the C−C axis in TFA toward the 4Nµ plane; γ—torsion angle between the opposite TFA molecules (see SI Figure S5).
Table 3. Selected molecular data for the base LuPc2 complex and its LuPc2@TFA conjugate; ΔE—total intermolecular interaction energy, Sc—macrocycle core perimeter (Ǻ), Lu−Np is the mean metal−N(pyrrole) distance (Ǻ) (standard deviation < 10−3); 4Np, 4Nµ and 8Cb refer to the distance between the both macrocycles expressed by interplanar spacing of planes defined by the 4 pyrrole N, 4 meso-N and the 8 peripheral benzene C atoms, respectively (Ǻ); Nµ⸱⸱H is the mean hydrogen bond length (Ǻ) (standard deviation < 10−3); α—inclination of the benzopyrrole units toward the 4Np plane; β—inclination of the C−C axis in TFA toward the 4Nµ plane; γ—torsion angle between the opposite TFA molecules (see SI Figure S5).
CompoundΔE kJ/molLu−NpScNµ⸱⸱HInterplanar Spacingα (°)β (°)γ (°)
4Np4Nµ8Cb
LuPc2−2.41621.602−2.7353.3285.00414.0−−
LuPc2@TFA2452.42221.6451.8002.7473.3104.1238.032.021.4
Table
Table 4. Fluorescence emission spectral data; wavelengths (nm) referring to the emission maxima are shown for the base LnPc2 compounds and for their TFA conjugates; excitation was performed using laser radiation of 350, 633, and 650 nm; Stokes shift, ΔS (nm), calculated relative to the λmax value of the B and Q bands, ΔS(B) and ΔS(Q), respectively.
Table 4. Fluorescence emission spectral data; wavelengths (nm) referring to the emission maxima are shown for the base LnPc2 compounds and for their TFA conjugates; excitation was performed using laser radiation of 350, 633, and 650 nm; Stokes shift, ΔS (nm), calculated relative to the λmax value of the B and Q bands, ΔS(B) and ΔS(Q), respectively.
λexc, nmNdPc2SmPc2EuPc2GdPc2YbPc2LuPc2
350434435482487430429
633694691688695692693
ΔS (B)110113159165111111
ΔS (Q)192220283335
LnPc2@TFA
350428471431430430430
650695694695693693694
ΔS (B)116160120122119119
ΔS (Q)−15−13−14−15−10
Table
Table 5. Effective photolysis rate constants, k (min−1), determined for the I stage and LnPc2@TFA at the Q-band, and for the II stage at λ = 399 nm.
Table 5. Effective photolysis rate constants, k (min−1), determined for the I stage and LnPc2@TFA at the Q-band, and for the II stage at λ = 399 nm.
PhotolysisNdPc2SmPc2EuPc2GdPc2YbPc2LuPc2
I stage1.8 × 10−21.4 × 10−22.1 × 10−21.5 × 10−21.3 × 10−24.6 × 10−3
II stage1.7 × 10−38.0 × 10−41.2 × 10−31.4 × 10−31.8 × 10−31.3 × 10−3
LnPc2@TFA4.4 × 10−12.8 × 10−23.0 × 10−23.0 × 10−25.6 × 10−33.7 × 10−3

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Dyrda, G.; Zakrzyk, M.; Broda, M.A.; Pędziński, T.; Mele, G.; Słota, R. Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Conjugates Involving Lanthanide Diphthalocyanines and Trifluoroacetic Acid (Lnpc2@TFA): Structure, Photoactivity, and Stability. Molecules 2020, 25, 3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163638

AMA Style

Dyrda G, Zakrzyk M, Broda MA, Pędziński T, Mele G, Słota R. Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Conjugates Involving Lanthanide Diphthalocyanines and Trifluoroacetic Acid (Lnpc2@TFA): Structure, Photoactivity, and Stability. Molecules. 2020; 25(16):3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163638

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dyrda, Gabriela, Maja Zakrzyk, Małgorzata A. Broda, Tomasz Pędziński, Giuseppe Mele, and Rudolf Słota. 2020. "Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Conjugates Involving Lanthanide Diphthalocyanines and Trifluoroacetic Acid (Lnpc2@TFA): Structure, Photoactivity, and Stability" Molecules 25, no. 16: 3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163638

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