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Article

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Extracted from Solidago canadensis L. Growing Wild in Slovakia

by
Hazem S. Elshafie
1,
Daniela Gruľová
2,
Beáta Baranová
2,
Lucia Caputo
3,
Laura De Martino
3,
Vincent Sedlák
4,
Ippolito Camele
1,* and
Vincenzo De Feo
3
1
School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
2
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
3
Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
4
Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(7), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206
Submission received: 6 February 2019 / Revised: 20 March 2019 / Accepted: 21 March 2019 / Published: 27 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Essential Oils)
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Abstract

Plant essential oils (EOs) are one of the most relevant natural products due to their biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties. The promising biological effects of many plants EOs encourage researchers to study their biochemical properties to be used as possible natural alternatives for commercial pesticides and not only as herbal medicines. The current research has been conducted to study the microbicide effect of Solidago canadensis L. EO to control some common plant diseases caused by several postharvest phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum) in comparison with Azoxystrobin as a large spectrum fungicide. The antibacterial activity has been carried out against some phytopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus megaterium and Clavibacter michiganensis (G+ve) and Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (G−ve)) compared to the synthetic antibiotic Tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out to determine the lowest effective EO dose using a 96-well microplate. The cell membrane permeability was also evaluated by measuring the electric conductivity (EC) to examine the possible mechanisms of action of S. canadensis EO. Chemical characterization of EO has been carried out using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two identified components in S. canadensis EO presented 97.7% of total compounds in EO. The principal compounds were identified as germacrene D (34.9%), limonene (12.5%), α-pinene (11.6%), β-elemene (7.1%), and bornyl acetate (6.3%). In addition, S. canadensis EO demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activities against the majority of tested phytopathogens at all tested concentrations.
Keywords: antimicrobial activity; Canadian goldenrod; cell membrane permeability; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; minimum inhibitory concentration antimicrobial activity; Canadian goldenrod; cell membrane permeability; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; minimum inhibitory concentration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Elshafie, H.S.; Gruľová, D.; Baranová, B.; Caputo, L.; De Martino, L.; Sedlák, V.; Camele, I.; De Feo, V. Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Extracted from Solidago canadensis L. Growing Wild in Slovakia. Molecules 2019, 24, 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206

AMA Style

Elshafie HS, Gruľová D, Baranová B, Caputo L, De Martino L, Sedlák V, Camele I, De Feo V. Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Extracted from Solidago canadensis L. Growing Wild in Slovakia. Molecules. 2019; 24(7):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elshafie, Hazem S., Daniela Gruľová, Beáta Baranová, Lucia Caputo, Laura De Martino, Vincent Sedlák, Ippolito Camele, and Vincenzo De Feo. 2019. "Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Extracted from Solidago canadensis L. Growing Wild in Slovakia" Molecules 24, no. 7: 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206

APA Style

Elshafie, H. S., Gruľová, D., Baranová, B., Caputo, L., De Martino, L., Sedlák, V., Camele, I., & De Feo, V. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil Extracted from Solidago canadensis L. Growing Wild in Slovakia. Molecules, 24(7), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071206

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