Solvent-Free Process for the Development of Photocatalytic Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Photocatalytic Performance
Assessment of the Reusability Potential of the Membranes
2.2. Morphology Characterization
Porosity of Membranes
2.3. Contact Angle
2.4. Membrane Filtration Performance
2.5. Economic Benefits of using Water Instead of Solvents
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Modification of Ceramic Membranes
3.1.1. Temperature Effect on Photocatalytic Activity
3.1.2. Solvent-Free Process for the Production of Photocatalytic Membranes
3.2. Assessment of the Photocatalytic Membranes and Selection of the Most Promising One
3.2.1. Assays to Test the Photocatalytic Performance
3.2.2. Morphology Characterization
3.2.3. Contact Angle
3.2.4. Membrane Filtration Assays
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples are not available from the authors. |
Membranes | Methylene Blue Removal (%) | Methylene Blue Adsorption (%) |
---|---|---|
Control | 48 | 13 |
80-SGSi-D | 72 | 20 |
300-SGSi-D | 77 | 27 |
500-SGSi-D | 73 | 29 |
650-SGSi-D | 82 | 31 |
80-SGwSi-D | 77 | 17 |
650-SGwSi-D | 74 | 24 |
Membranes | k (min−1) | t1/2 (min) |
---|---|---|
Control | 0.0110 | 63 |
Methylene blue | 0.0040 | 192 |
80-SGSi-D | 0.0220 | 31 |
300-SGSi-D | 0.0244 | 28 |
500-SGSi-D | 0.0216 | 32 |
650-SGSi-D | 0.0285 | 24 |
80-SGwSi-D | 0.0275 | 25 |
650-SGwSi-D | 0.0225 | 31 |
Membranes * | Control Z1 × 2000 | Control Z2 × 2000 | 80-SGwSi-D Z1 × 2000 | 80-SGwSi-D Z2 × 2000 | 650-SGwSi-D Z1 × 2000 | 650-SGwSi-D Z2 × 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pore density (µm−2) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 3.8 | 10.1 |
Mean pore area (µm2) | 0.05 ± 0.16 | 0.06 ± 0.23 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
Minimum pore area (µm2) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Maximum pore area (µm2) | 3.409 | 7.136 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 2.15 | 0.19 |
Porosity (%) | 9.0 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 8.6 | 3.4 | 6.3 |
Average circularity | 0.77 ± 0.39 | 0.80 ± 0.26 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 0.94 ± 0.15 |
Average feret diameter (µm) | 0.32 ± 0.26 | 0.33 ± 0.45 | 0.15 ± 0.12 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.13 ± 0.13 | 0.12 ± 0.07 |
Maximum feret’s diameter (µm) | 1.000 | 6.963 | 3.215 | 2.896 | 5.461 | 1.079 |
Minimum feret’s diameter (µm) | 0.073 | 0.083 | 0.081 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.079 |
Control | 80-SGwSi-D | 650-SGwSi-D | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MF | MF + UV | MF | MF + UV | MF | MF + UV | |
MB permeability (Lh−1m−2bar−1) during the test | 19,126 ± 950 | 19,857 ± 3490 | 3479 ± 280 | 2645 ± 705 | 1955 ± 135 | 2486 ± 363 |
Time of filtration (min) | 5 | 5 | 30 | 38 | 50 | 37 |
% Photocatalytic degradation in the feed | n.a | 0 | n.a | 31 | n.a | 39 |
% Total removal | 3 | 0 | 12 | 37 | 15 | 45 |
Samples | Ti (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|
Control solutions, no filtration performed | Distilled water | <0.005 |
Citric acid 2% (w/v) | 0.05 | |
NaOH 4% (w/v) | 0.05 | |
Control membrane | Distilled water | 0.03 |
Citric acid 2% (w/v) | 0.04 | |
NaOH 4% (w/v) | 0.09 | |
80-SGwSi-D membrane | Distilled water | <0.005 |
Citric acid 2% (w/v) | 0.05 | |
NaOH 4% (w/v) | 0.05 | |
650-SGwSi-D membrane | Distilled water | <0.005 |
Citric acid 2% (w/v) | 0.05 | |
NaOH 4% (w/v) | 0.12 |
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Huertas, R.M.; Fraga, M.C.; Crespo, J.G.; Pereira, V.J. Solvent-Free Process for the Development of Photocatalytic Membranes. Molecules 2019, 24, 4481. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244481
Huertas RM, Fraga MC, Crespo JG, Pereira VJ. Solvent-Free Process for the Development of Photocatalytic Membranes. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4481. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244481
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuertas, Rosa M., Maria C. Fraga, João G. Crespo, and Vanessa J. Pereira. 2019. "Solvent-Free Process for the Development of Photocatalytic Membranes" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4481. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244481