Comparison of the Conventional and Electroenhanced Direct-Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction for Sampling of Nicotine in Biological Fluids of the Human Body
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of PPy Fiber
2.2. Effect of Sample pH
2.3. Applied Voltage
2.4. Study of Extraction Temperature and Time
2.5. Effect of Stirring Rate and Ionic Strength of the Sample Solution
2.6. Desorption Temperature and Time
2.7. Comparison of the PPy-Coated Fiber with Commercial Fibers
2.8. Method Validation
2.9. Analysis of Real Samples
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Materials
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Preparation of the Fiber Substrate and Its Coating Using the EPD Method
3.4. Extraction Procedure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Method | Sample | LDR (μg mL−1) | LOD (ng mL−1) | RSD (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE-PTC-GC-MS | Urine, saliva and hair | 0.01–3 | 0.60 | 3–20 | [30] |
MISPE-UV | Spiked urine | 0.17–9.7 | NR | 10 | [31] |
UE-GC-FID | Pharmaceutical formulations | 1–500 | 250 | 2 | [32] |
LC-UVDAD | Human milk | NR | 13 | 5.8 | [33] |
GC-FID | Aqueous extract of tabacum leaves | 5–60 | 500 | 3.2 | [34] |
IT-SPME-LC-MS | Human urine and saliva | 0.0005–0.02 | 0.015–0.04 | 4.7–11.3 | [35] |
DI-SPME-GC-FID | Urine and plasma | 0.1–10 | 10 | 6.1 | This work |
EE-DI-SPME-GC-FID | Urine and plasma | 0.001–10 | 0.3 | 4.6 | This work |
Sample | Added (µg mL−1) | DI-SPME-GC-FID | EE-SPME-GC-FID | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg mL−1 | R (%) | µg mL−1 | R (%) | ||
Urine 1 (Male, 2 years) | 0 | NF | --- | NF | --- |
2 | 1.82 (8.6) | 90 | 2.20 (5.1) | 110 | |
Urine 2 (Female, non-smoker, 23 years) | 0 | NF | --- | NF | --- |
2 | 1.88 (7.2) | 94 | 2.06 (4.9) | 103 | |
Plasma 1 (Male, smoker, 47 years) | 0 | 1.43 (9.5) | --- | 1.95 (7.4) | --- |
2 | 3.57 (6.3) | 105 | 3.61 (3.8) | 91 | |
Plasma 2 (Male, smoker, 38 years) | 0 | 2.1 (5.8) | --- | 2.47 (4.5) | --- |
2 | 3.03 (4.7) | 75 | 4.4 (3.6) | 98 |
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Abdolhosseini, S.; Ghiasvand, A.R.; Heidari, N. Comparison of the Conventional and Electroenhanced Direct-Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction for Sampling of Nicotine in Biological Fluids of the Human Body. Molecules 2018, 23, 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051171
Abdolhosseini S, Ghiasvand AR, Heidari N. Comparison of the Conventional and Electroenhanced Direct-Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction for Sampling of Nicotine in Biological Fluids of the Human Body. Molecules. 2018; 23(5):1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051171
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdolhosseini, Sana, Ali Reza Ghiasvand, and Nahid Heidari. 2018. "Comparison of the Conventional and Electroenhanced Direct-Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction for Sampling of Nicotine in Biological Fluids of the Human Body" Molecules 23, no. 5: 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051171