Artichoke Polyphenols Produce Skin Anti-Age Effects by Improving Endothelial Cell Integrity and Functionality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Characterization of Artichoke Ethanolic Extract
2.2. Artichoke Extract Activity in Endothelial Cells
2.3. Artichoke Extract on Nitric Oxide Production in Macrophages
2.4. Artichoke Extract Activity in Lymphatic Endothelial Cells
2.5. Artichoke Extract Activity in Clinical Tests
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Raw Materials
3.3. Preparation of Artichoke Polyphenol Extract
3.4. HPLC-DAD Analysis
3.5. Cell Cultures
3.6. Reactive Oxygen Species Determination
3.7. Gene Expression Analysis in HDLEC and HUVEC
3.8. Nitric Oxide Assay and iNOS Expression in Macrophages
3.9. Permeability Assay
3.10. Clinical Tests
3.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Phenolic Compounds | Artichoke Extract | |
---|---|---|
Fresh (mg/100 g FW) | Lyophilized (mg/100 g powder) | |
1-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
Chlorogenic acid | 236.2± 18.2 | 57.3 ± 1.4 |
1,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 5.0 ±0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.1 |
3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 160.1 ± 13.1 | 39.8 ± 1.0 |
1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 201.3 ± 17.9 | 50.1 ± 1.2 |
3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 21.7 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 0.1 |
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 19.9 ± 1.8 | 4.8 ± 0.4 |
Total phenolics | 657.8 ± 56.3 | 162.0 ± 3.9 |
Analyzed Gene | AEE 0.002% | AEE 0.01% | TGF-β 2.5 ng/mL |
---|---|---|---|
VEGF | 11.1 ± 6.1 * | 31.4 ± 7.4 * | 47.1 ± 11.2 * |
ET-1 | 33.5 ± 14.3 * | 43.9 ± 9.4 * | 26.1 ± 7.4 * |
eNOS | 22.2 ± 4.7 * | 59.4 ± 2.3 * | 10.6 ± 2.1 * |
Analyzed Gene | AEE 0.002% | TGF-β 5 ng/mL |
---|---|---|
Cla-5 | 39.7 ± 6.8 * | 42.7 ± 6.5 * |
ZO-1 | 46.9 ± 12.1 * | 42.5 ± 7.4 * |
LYVE | 44.7 ± 7.7 * | 28.1 ± 2.3 * |
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D’Antuono, I.; Carola, A.; Sena, L.M.; Linsalata, V.; Cardinali, A.; Logrieco, A.F.; Colucci, M.G.; Apone, F. Artichoke Polyphenols Produce Skin Anti-Age Effects by Improving Endothelial Cell Integrity and Functionality. Molecules 2018, 23, 2729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112729
D’Antuono I, Carola A, Sena LM, Linsalata V, Cardinali A, Logrieco AF, Colucci MG, Apone F. Artichoke Polyphenols Produce Skin Anti-Age Effects by Improving Endothelial Cell Integrity and Functionality. Molecules. 2018; 23(11):2729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112729
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Antuono, Isabella, Antonietta Carola, Luigi M. Sena, Vito Linsalata, Angela Cardinali, Antonio F. Logrieco, Maria Gabriella Colucci, and Fabio Apone. 2018. "Artichoke Polyphenols Produce Skin Anti-Age Effects by Improving Endothelial Cell Integrity and Functionality" Molecules 23, no. 11: 2729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112729