Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Genus Zingiber Plant Cultivation
3. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils Obtained from Genus Zingiber Plants
4. The Genus Zingiber in Traditional Medicine
4.1. Medicinal Uses of Ginger
4.1.1. Ginger in the Indian System of Medicine
4.1.2. Ginger in the Chinese and Japanese Systems of Medicine
4.1.3. Ginger in the Unani System of Medicine
4.2. Examples of Ginger Species and Their Uses in Traditional Medicine
4.2.1. Zingiber officinale Roscoe
4.2.2. Zingiber montanum (J. Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr
4.2.3. Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe
4.2.4. Zingiber spectabile Griff.
4.2.5. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.
4.2.6. Zingiber ottensii Valeton
5. Essential Oil Obtained from Genus Zingiber Plants as a Food Preservative
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Extraction Methods | Major Compounds | Biological Activities | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Z. officinale | Hydrodistillation | ar-curcumene (11.32%), geranial (10.66%), camphene (4.88%), eucalyptol (3.14%), isobornyl formate (1.95%), α-zingiberene (1.64%) | Antibacterial | [37] |
Z. officinale | Hydrodistillation, microwave assisted hydrodistillation, solvent-free microwave hydrodistillation, improved solvent-free microwave extraction | α-zingiberene (17.4–25.4%), ar-curcumene (14.1–16.4%), β-bisabolene (9.9–12.5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.7–13.4%) | NR * | [46] |
Z. officinale | Hydrodistillation | Geranial (25.9%), α-zingiberene (9.5%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (7.6%), neral (7.4%), ar-curcumene (6.6%) | Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant | [28] |
Three sub-Himalayan Z. officinale cultivars (Gorubathane, Shingboi Thingria | Hydrodistillation | Gorubathane: α-zingiberene (32.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (10.9%); Thingria: α-zingibirene (12.58%), ar-curcumene (9.89%); Shingboi: geranial (20.07%), neral (9.44%) | NR | [44] |
Fresh and dry Z. officinale var. Nedumangadu | Hydrodistillation | Fresh ginger: α-zingiberene (28.6%), geranial (8.5%) ar-curcumene (5.6%), β-bisabolene (5.8%); Dry ginger: α-zingiberene (30.9%), ar-urcumene (11%), β-bisabolene (7.2%), β-sesquiphellandrene (6.6%), germacrene-D (4.2%) | Antibacterial, antifungal | [51] |
Z. officinale | Hydrodistillation | α-zingiberene (28.62%), camphene (9.32%), ar-curcumene (9.09%), β-phellandrene (7.97%) | Antifungal, antioxidant | [45] |
Z. officinale | Hydrodistillation | β-sesquiphellandrene (27.16%), caryophyllene (15.29%), zingiberene (13.97%), α-farnesene (10.52%), ar-curcumin (6.62%) | Antibacterial, antioxidant | [28] |
Z. montanum | Hydrodistillation | Sabinene (52.64–56.34%), terpinen-4-ol (7.1–10.17%), (E)-1-(3-4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (10.8–14.7%) | NR | [58] |
Z. cassumunar (three native cultivars) | Hydrodistillation | Sabinene (36.71–53.50%), γ-terpinene (5.27–7.25%), terpinen-4-ol (21.8–29.96%), (E)-1-(3-4-dimethoxyphenyl) butadiene (0.95–16.16%) | NR | [49] |
Z. cassumunar | Steam distillation | 6,9,9-tetramethyl-2,6,10-cycloundecatrien-1-one (60.77%), α-caryophyllene (23.92%) | Slight antimicrobial | [57] |
Z. officinale | Steam distillation | ar-curcumene (59%), b-myrcene (14%), 1,8-cineol (8%), citral (7.5%), and α-zingiberene (7.5%) | anti-inflammatory | [39] |
Z. zerumbet var. Darcyi | Hydrodistillation | zerumbone (69.9%), α-humulene (12.9%), humulene epoxide II (2.5%), caryophyllene oxide (1.1%), camphene (1.9%) | NR | [60] |
Z. corallinum | Steam distillation | Sabinene (53.38%), ɑ-terpinene (3.23%), γ-terpinene (2.16%), terpinen-4-ol (22.66%), β-sesquiphellandrene (1.41%), 1,4-bis(methoxy) triquinacene (9.64%) | NR | [59] |
Z. nimmonii | Hydrodistillation | Myrcene (5.1%), β-caryophyllene (26.9%), α-humulene (19.6%), α-cadinol (5.2%) | Larvicidal and repellent | [31] |
Z. nimmonii | Hydrodistillation | β-caryophyllene (42.2%), α-humulene, α-caryophyllene (27.7%) | Antimicrobial | [19] |
Z. moran | Hydrodistillation | Camphene, citral, linalool | Cytotoxic | [54] |
Z. wrayi var. Halabala | Steam distillation | trans-anethole (96.5%) | Antibacterial | [62] |
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Sharifi-Rad, M.; Varoni, E.M.; Salehi, B.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Matthews, K.R.; Ayatollahi, S.A.; Kobarfard, F.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Mnayer, D.; Zakaria, Z.A.; et al. Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy. Molecules 2017, 22, 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122145
Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Matthews KR, Ayatollahi SA, Kobarfard F, Ibrahim SA, Mnayer D, Zakaria ZA, et al. Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy. Molecules. 2017; 22(12):2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122145
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharifi-Rad, Mehdi, Elena Maria Varoni, Bahare Salehi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Karl R. Matthews, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, Farzad Kobarfard, Salam A. Ibrahim, Dima Mnayer, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, and et al. 2017. "Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy" Molecules 22, no. 12: 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122145