Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore

Mabkhot, Yahia Nasser; Kaal, Nahed Ahmed; Alterary, Seham; Al-Showiman, Salim S.; Barakat, Assem; Ghabbour, Hazem A.; Frey, Wolfgang

doi:10.3390/molecules20058712

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore

by

Yahia Nasser Mabkhot

^1,*,†

,

Nahed Ahmed Kaal

^1,†,

Seham Alterary

^1,†,

Salim S. Al-Showiman

^1,†,

Assem Barakat

^1,2,*,†

,

Hazem A. Ghabbour

^3,†

and

Wolfgang Frey

^4,†

¹

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

²

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia-21321 Alexandria, Egypt

³

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁴

Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitat Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Molecules 2015, 20(5), 8712-8729; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058712

Submission received: 5 April 2015 / Accepted: 11 May 2015 / Published: 14 May 2015

(This article belongs to the Collection Heterocyclic Compounds)

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Abstract

:

Ethyl 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2) and there derivatives 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f were synthesized. The structure of compound 2 was deduced by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, MS, microanalysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic system, with space group P2₁/c and cell coordinates a = 8.5752(16) Å, b = 21.046(4) Å, c = 8.2941(12) Å, β = 101.131(6)°, V = 1468.7(4) Å³, and Z = 4. Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 5a–c and 9a–f were subjected into in vitro antimicrobial activity tests. Compounds 3a and 3c were more potent than standard drug amphotericin B, showing MIC values of 23.8 ± 0.42 and 24.3 ± 0.68, respectively, against Aspergillus fumigatus while the standard drug MIC was 23.7 ± 0.1. Compound 3c was also more potent (MIC 24.8 ± 0.64) than the standard drug amphotericin B (MIC 19.7 ± 0.2) against Syncephalastrum racemosum. Compounds 4 and 9f also showed promising anti-microbial activity. Molecular modeling was performed for the most active compounds.

Keywords:

thiophene; enaminone; [2+3] cycloaddition; anti-microbial activity; molecular modeling

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Heterocyclic compounds possessing the thiophene core have attracted tremendous interest in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their diverse and wide range of biological properties, including analgesic [1], antidepressant [2], anti-inflammatory [3], antimicrobial [4] and anticonvulsant activities [5,6,7,8]. The thiophene moiety is an integral part of the structure of different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), for example etizolam, brotizolam, and tiagabine. It is worthy to mention that it has been established that the higher activity of sodium phethenylate has been attributed to the fact the structure contains a thiophene ring. Consequently, the synthesis of novel thiophene analogues has gained much importance in medicinal chemistry due to their potential as labile pro-drugs [7,8,9].

Enaminones are versatile precursors that have a lot of synthetic applications in organic chemistry. Enaminones are key synthons for the synthesis of a wide variety of naturally occurring alkaloids [10,11], and nitrogen-containing heterocycles [12,13,14,15]. They have also been employed as important intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs with antiviral, larvicidal [16] and anticonvulsant properties [17,18,19]. Due to their rich applications, many efficient approaches to these compounds have been developed. In continuation of our research program [20,21,22,23,24] studying the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compound which may be biologically active, herein, we report the synthesis of some novel heterocyclic compounds incorporating a combination of thiophene and pyrazole pharmacophores. The structure of the key intermediate 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)-thiophene-3-carboxylate (2) was unambiguously deduced by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. New series (3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f) from the key intermediate 2 were synthesized. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were also examined and the molecular modeling of the most active products is discussed.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

Ethyl 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2) was synthesized in 92% yield as shown in Scheme 1. Reaction of ethyl acetoacetate with phenyl isothiocyanate in the presence of K₂CO₃ under reflux in DMF, followed by addition of chloroacetone furnished the product 2. Compound 2 later reacted with aromatic amines using a catalytic amount of ZnCl₂ in refluxing EtOH for 2 h to afford regioselectively the Schiff’s bases 3a–c in excellent yields of up to 99%. The structure of 2 was deduced by combined use of IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectral data. In addition, the assigned structure of 2 was unambiguously established via a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of ethyl 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2) and there derivatives 3a–c.

Next, Condensation of 2 with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) furnished enaminone 4 in excellent yield 93% (Scheme 2). Reaction of enaminone 4 with an N-nucleophile such as hydrazine hydarate, phenyl hydrazine and p-chlorophenyl hydrazine in EtOH under reflux for 4–6 h in the presence of a catalytic amount of ZnCl₂ as a Lewis acid afforded 6a–c, respectively (Scheme 3). The formation of compounds 6a–c would involve an initial addition of the amino group in the hydrazine to the activated double bond in the enaminone derivative 4, followed by deamination to an intermediate which then undergoes cyclization and aromatization via loss of water affording the final isolable pyrazole derivatives 6a–c.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of 4 and 6a–c.

The utility of enaminone 4 in the synthesis of annulated heterocycles was further explored via its reaction with (Z)-ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)acetate derivatives to afford 9a–f in very good yield (Scheme 3). Spectral data (IR, NMR, MS) and elemental analysis were consistent with the proposed structures of isolated products 9a–f. It is assumed that these products were formed via a [2+3] cycloaddition reaction and initial formation of a nonisolable pyrazole derivative 8, followed by elimination of NHMe₂ to give the desired products 9a–f.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of 9a–f.

2.2. X-ray Crystal Structure of Compound 2

Slow evaporation of an ethanol solution of pure compound 2 afforded colorless crystals. A single crystal of approximate dimensions 0.33 × 0.17 × 0.14 mm was selected for the X-ray diffraction technique Data were collected on a Bruker Kappa APEXII Duo diffractometer equipped with a CCD detector and graphite monochromatic Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 100 K. Cell refinement and data reduction were performed by Bruker SAINT. SHELXS-97 [25,26] was used to solve the structure (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).

The crystal structure of compound 2 is composed of a planar thiophene ring (S1-C2-C3-C4-C5) with phenylamino (N1/C5-C10), ethyl carboxlyate (C11/O2/O3/C12-C13), methyl (C14), and acetyl (O1/C15-C16) substituents attached to the C1, C2, C3 and C4 atoms of the thiophene ring, respectively (Figure 1).

Table 1. The crystal and experimental data of compound 2.

**Table 1.** The crystal and experimental data of compound 2.
Crystal Data
C₁₆H₁₇NO₃S	V = 1468.7 (4) Å³
M_r = 303.37	Z = 4
Monoclinic, P2₁/c	Mo Kα radiation
a = 8.5752(16) Å	µ = 0.23 mm⁻¹
b = 21.046(4) Å	T = 100 K
c = 8.2941(12) Å	0.33 × 0.17 × 0.14 mm
β = 101.131(6)°
Data Collection
Bruker Kappa APEXII Duo diffractometer	2854 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Absorption correction: multi-scan Blessing, 1995	R_int = 0.044
T_min = 0.684, T_max = 0.746	θ_max = 28.3°
14240 measured reflections	Standard reflections: 0
3620 independent reflections
Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.037	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.090	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.02	Δρ_max = 0.37 e Å⁻³
3620 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.24 e Å⁻³
197 parameters

Table 2. Selected geometric parameters (Å, °).

**Table 2.** Selected geometric parameters (Å, °).
S1—C1	1.7280(14)	C7—H7	0.9500
S1—C4	1.7510(15)	C8—C9	1.390(2)
N1—C1	1.3571(18)	C8—H8	0.9500
N1—C5	1.4075(18)	C9—C10	1.383(2)
N1—H1	0.860(19)	C9—H9	0.9500
O1—C15	1.2335(18)	C10—H10	0.9500
C1—C2	1.413(2)	C12—C13	1.506(2)
O2—C11	1.2294(17)	C12—H12A	0.9900

Table 3. Hydrogen bonding data for compound 2.

**Table 3.** Hydrogen bonding data for compound 2.
D	H	A	D-H	H...A	D...A	D-H…A
N1	H1	O2	0.86(2)	1.91(2)	2.653(2)	143(2)
C6	H6	S1	0.9500	2.46	3.158(2)	130.00
C14	H14B	O3	0.9800	2.4200	2.793(2)	102.00

All hydrogen bonds act intramolecularly for stabilizing the flat geometry of the molecule.

Figure 1. The ORTEP diagram of the final X-ray model of compound 2 with displacement ellipsoids drawn at 50% probability level. H-atoms were placed and not included in refinement, except H1 attached on N1.

The molecular packing of the compound as observed in Figure 2. All the crystallographic data of the crystal structure 2 (CCDC No. 1042688) are available and can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

Figure 2. The packing diagram of compound 2 in the crystal lattice. Hydrogen atoms not involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding are omitted for clarity.

2.3. Antimicrobial Activity

To investigate the biological activity of the newly prepared compounds, the cup-plate agar diffusion method was adopted by using sterile filter paper discs (6 mm in diameter). Tested compounds were dissolved in DMSO and loaded on the discs at concentrations of 5 mg/mL. The discs were then placed in Petri dishes and were charged with different Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial strains Pseudomoas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli for Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus pneumonia and Bacillis subtilis for Gram-positive, and Aspergillus fumigates, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotricum candidum and Candida albicans for fungi. Results of the biological activity are displayed in Table 4; results are expressed as mm inhibition.

Table 4. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of synthesized compound (zone of inhibition in diameter in mm).

**Table 4.** Antibacterial and antifungal activity of synthesized compound (zone of inhibition in diameter in mm).
Compd.			Fungi ^[a]		Gram (+) Bacteria ^[b]		Gram (−) Bacteria ^[c]
Compd.	(A)	(B)	(C)	(D)	(E)	(F)	(G)	(H)
2	13.8 ± 0.42	14.1 ± 0.35	13.2 ± 0.34	10.8 ± 0.22	13.7 ± 0.31	10.5 ± 0.32	11.7 ± 0.41	12.5 ± 0.48
3a	23.8± 0.42	13.5 ± 0.29	16.7 ± 0.42	18.1 ± 0.41	20.8 ± 0.54	22.3 ± 0.64	15.3 ± 0.47	18.1 ± 0.62
3b	15.9± 0.52	14.5 ± 0.34	16.4 ± 0.35	12.7 ± 0.37	12.2 ± 0.33	13.9 ± 0.52	11.8 ± 0.42	14.7 ± 0.50
3c	24.3± 0.68	24.5 ± 0.64	25.8 ± 0.58	14.3 ± 0.58	16.3 ± 0.52	19.6 ± 0.58	12.5 ± 0.39	14.8 ± 0.47
4	23.7 ± 0.1	19.7 ± 0.2	28.7 ± 0.2	25.4 ± 0.1	23.8 ± 0.2	32.4 ± 0.3	17.3 ± 0.1	19.9 ± 0.3
6a	13.9 ± 0.42	11.8 ± 0.31	13.7 ± 0.34	14.0 ± 0.29	16.9 ± 0.42	17.6 ± 0.31	12.9 ± 0.28	14.7 ± 0.4
6b	20.6 ± 0.5	16.7 ± 0.33	22.4 ± 0.36	17.6 ± 0.58	18.3 ± 0.25	22.6 ± 0.44	19.3 ± 0.52	17.8 ± 0.44
6c	16.8 ± 0.39	13.4 ± 0.58	19.6 ± 0.19	15.9 ± 0.44	16.7 ± 0.36	19.2 ± 0.27	13.3 ± 0.36	13.6 ± 0.36
9a	22.3 ± 0.2	16.5 ± 0.25	25.8 ± 0.58	12.3 ± 0.35	19.5 ± 0.44	29.8 ± 0.58	12.3 ± 0.25	17.6 ± 0.19
9b	20.6 ± 0.35	14.8 ± 0.34	21.5 ± 0.62	10.9 ± 0.18	17.8 ± 0.58	20.1 ± 0.39	10.9 ± 0.31	15.3 ± 0.32
9c	21.7 ± 0.5	18.1 ± 0.32	20.7 ± 0.34	12.6 ± 0.37	18.7 ± 0.62	24.9 ± 0.46	13.8 ± 0.43	17.1 ± 0.52
9d	17.8 ± 0.57	14.6 ± 0.64	18.0 ± 0.72	15.4 ± 0.36	16.9 ± 0.58	18.2 ± 0.44	11.8 ± 0.48	14.2 ± 0.42
9e	19.1 ± 0.58	16.7 ± 0.48	14.9 ± 0.63	12.7 ± 0.44	16.8 ± 0.62	17.9 ± 0.48	18.1 ± 0.58	17.4 ± 0.47
9f	23.7 ± 0.1	19.7 ± 0.2	28.7 ± 0.2	25.4 ± 0.1	23.8 ± 0.2	32.4 ± 0.3	12.9 ± 0.43	12.7 ± 0.56
SD-1 ^[d]	23.7 ± 0.1	19.7 ± 0.2	28.7 ± 0.2	25.4 ± 0.1	-	-	-	-
SD-2 ^[e]	-	-	-	-	23.8 ± 0.2	32.4 ± 0.3	-	-
SD-3 ^[f]	-	-	-	-	-	-	17.3 ± 0.1	19.9 ± 0.3

^[a] (A): Aspergillus fumigatus, (B): Syncephalastrum racemosum, (C): Geotricum candidum, (D): Candida albicans; ^[b] (E): Staphylococcus aureus, (F): Bacilils subtilis; ^[c] (G): Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (H): Escherichia coli; ^[d] SD-1: Amphotericin B for fungi (25 µg/mL); ^[e] SD-2: Ampicillin for Gram (+) Bacteria (25 µg/mL); ^[f] SD-3: Gentamicin for Gram (−) Bacteria (25 µg/mL).

The results shown in Table 1 reveal that compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f exhibit moderate to high activity against both fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. On the other hand, compounds 3a, 3c and 9f were the most active against the tested fungi. Results also show that compounds 3a and 3c with MIC values of 23.8 ± 0.42 and 24.3 ± 0.68, respectively, were more potent than the standard drug amphotericin B (MIC 23.7 ± 0.1) against Aspergillus fumigatus. On the other hand, 3c (MIC 24.8 ± 0.64) was also more potent than the standard drug (amphotericin B, MIC 19.7 ± 0.2) against Syncephalastrum racemosum. Compound 6b showed potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC of 19.3 ± 0.52 while the standard drug gentamicin showed 17.3 ± 0.1. Compounds 4 and 9f have shown the most promising antifungal as well as antibacterial activity, with MICs of 23.7 ± 0.1, 19.7 ± 0.2, 28.7 ± 0.2, 25.4 ± 0.1, 23.8 ± 0.2 and 32.4 ± 0.3 against Aspergillus fumigatus, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotricum candidum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacilus subtilis, respectively. Compound 4 also showed potent activity towards Escherichia coli (MIC 19.9 ± 0.3) while the standard drug gentamicin showed a MIC of 19.9 ± 0.3.

2.4. Molecular Modeling

To understand the mechanism of the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the compounds synthesized, molecular modelling and docking studies were performed on the X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli 24 kDa domain in complex with clorobiocin (PDB code: 1KZN; resolution 2.30 Å) and cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mycobacterium P450 DM) and co-crystalline fluconazole (PDB code: 1EA1) using the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD 2013.6.0.0 [win32]) program. In the E. coli 24 kDa domain clorobiocin (reference compound) was found to have hydrogen bonding interactions with Asp73 (1.911 Å), Thr165 (2.109 Å), Asn46 (2.034 Å) and Arg136 (2.071 Å) with a MolDock score of −175.0. The fourteen tested compounds revealed MolDock scores between −129.8 to −169.8 (Table 5).

Table 5. MolDock scores for the reference and tested compounds.

**Table 5.** MolDock scores for the reference and tested compounds.
Ligand	E. Coli 24 kda Domain	Cytochrome p450 14α-Sterol Demethylase
Ligand	MolDock Score	MolDock Score
2	−129.864	−146.394
4	−140.52	−144.834
3a	−140.548	−157.378
3b	−149.314	−147.109
3c	−140.293	−139.61
6a	−141.739	−153.137
6b	−146.186	−167.821
6c	−144.798	−175.468
9a	−148.469	−215.797
9b	−167.672	−221.17
9c	−160.583	−213.93
9d	−165.572	−190.91
9e	−168.035	−204.502
9f	−169.884	−167.873
Reference	−175.052	−136.776

Compound 9f was found to have the best MolDock score of −169.8 and form three hydrogen bonding interactions with Thr165 (3.20 Å), Asn46 (2.46 Å) and Gly77 (3.30 Å) (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows that compound 9f was superimposed with co-crystalline clorobiocin in the active site of the E. coli 24 kDa domain (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Interaction of compound 9f with the active site of the E. coli 24 kDa domain.

Figure 4. Superimpose of the co-crystallized clorobiocin (Gray) and compound 9f (Red) in the active site of the E. coli 24 kDa domain.

Regarding cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase, the fourteen tested compounds revealed MolDock scores between −139.61 to −221.17 (Table 5). Compound 9b was found to have best MolDock score of −221.17 and form four hydrogen bonding interactions with Arg96 (2.73, 2.79, 2.92 Å) and Gln72 (3.53 Å) (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Interaction of compound 9b with the active site of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase.

Figure 6 shows the compound 9b was superimposed with co-crystalline fluconazole in the active site of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mycobacterium P450 DM).

Figure 6. Superimpose of the co-crystallized fluconazole (Gray) and compound 9b (Red) in the active site of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

All melting points were recorded on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus in open glass capillaries and are uncorrected. All the chemicals were purchased from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland) and Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset, UK) and were used without further purification, unless otherwise stated. IR spectra were recorded as KBr pellets on a 6700 FT-IR Nicolet spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Madison, WI, USA). Elemental analysis was carried out on a 2400 Elemental Analyzer, CHN mode (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The NMR spectra were recorded on an Avance AV-600 NMR spectrometer (Bruker, International Equipment Trading Ltd 960 Woodlands Parkway, Vernon Hills, IL, USA). ¹H-NMR (600 MHz) and ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz) were run in deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO-d₆) or deuterated dimethylformamide (DMF-d₇). MS were recorded using a JMS-600 H instrument (Peabody, MA, USA).

3.2. Preparation of Ethyl 5-Acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2)

A mixture of ethyl acetoacetate (1, 13 g, 0.1 mol) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (25 g) in DMF (30 mL) was stirred vigorously at RT for 5 min then phenyl isothiocyanate (13.5 mL, 0.1 mol) was added with continued stirring for 30 min. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath, and chloroacetone (13.9 mL, 0.1 mol) was added over 15 min with continued stirring. The cooling bath was subsequently removed and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The solid product 2 was precipitated by addition of H₂O, collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried. Compound 2 was recrystallized from EtOH to afford bright yellow needles; Yield: 92%; m.p. 110 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3465, 1655, 1618, 1253 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.24 (brs, 1H, NH), 7.40–7.45 (m, 5 h, Ph), 4.32 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂), 2.62 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.41 (s, 3H, CH₃), 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₃); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.68 (CH₃CH₂), 16.76 (CH₃), 30.20 (CO-CH₃), 60.96 (CH₃CH₂), 110.26, 121.31 (2C), 125.58, 130.27 (2C), 121.59, 140.36, 145.36, 162.81 (Ar-C), 165.86 (O-CO), 190.13 (CO-CH₃); MS m/z (%): 303 [M⁺, 89%]; anal. calcd. for C₁₆H₁₇NO₃S: C, 63.34; H, 5.65; N, 4.62; O, 15.82; S, 10.57; found: C, 63.35; H, 5.65; N, 4.63; S, 10.58.

3.3. General Preparation of Compounds 3a–c (GP1)

Compound 2 (0.303 g, 1 mmol) was fused with the appropriate aniline derivative (1 mmol, 1 equiv.) for 10 min, then EtOH (10 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, followed by ZnCl₂ (0.2 gm) and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h. The solid product was collected by filtration and recrystallized from EtOH to afforded 3a–c.

4-Methyl-2-phenylamino-5-(1-phenyliminoethyl)-thiophene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3a). Compound 3a was prepared as a beige powder in 99% yield according to GP1 using aniline (0.093 mL); m.p. 108–110 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3452, 1656, 1617 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.39, 2.65 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.30 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 6.46–7.48 (m, 10H, Ar-H) , 10.23 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 15.60 (CH₃) , 29.47 (N=C-CH₃), 13.50, 59.18 (Et-carbons), 109.08, 113.24 (2C), 115.03, 120.14, 120.42 (2C), 124.43, 128.18 (2C), 129.11 (2C), 139.17, 144.23, 161.67 (Ar-C), 164.71 (C=N), 189.01 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 378.14 [M⁺, 65%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₂S: C, 69.81; H, 5.86; N, 7.40; S, 8.47; found: C, 69.82; H, 5.85; N, 7.42; S, 8.48.

5-[1-(4-Chlorophenylimino)-ethyl]-4-methyl-2-phenylaminothiophene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3b). Compound 3b was prepared as a yellowish white powder in 95% yield according to GP1 using p-chloroaniline (0.127 g); m.p. 168–171 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3464, 1665, 1618 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.42 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz , CH₂CH₃), 2.47, 2.75 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.37 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 6.60–7.10 (m, 4H, Ar-H ), 7.15–7.43 (m, 5H, Ar-H ),10.62 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 16.77 (CH₃), 30.32 (N=C-CH₃), 14.33, 60.65 (Et-carbons), 109.69, 116.30 (2C), 120.29 (2C),120.65, 124.71, 129.12 (2C), 129.67 (2C), 139.72, 145.95 (Ar-C), 162.92 (C=N), 167.07 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 412.10 [M⁺, 10%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₁ClN₂O₂S: C, 63.99; H, 5.13; Cl, 8.59; N, 6.78; S, 7.77; found: C, 63.98; H, 5.14; Cl, 8.60; N, 6.80; S, 7.76.

5-[1-(4-Methoxyphenylimino)-ethyl]-4-methyl-2-phenylaminothiophene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3c). Compound 3c was prepared as a pale yellow powder in 99% yield according to GP1 using p-methoxyaniline (0.123 gm); m.p. 155–157 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3451, 1656, 1619 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMF-d₇): δ 1.39 (t, 3H, J =8 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.21, 2.47 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.67 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 4.39 (q, 2H, J = 8 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 6.63–7.52 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 10.45 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMF-d₇): δ 16.16 (CH₃), 55.25 (O-CH₃), 13.94, 60.70 (Et-carbons), 110.05, 114.61 (2C), 115.45 (2C), 121.07 (2C), 121.39, 125.13, 129.93 (2C), 140.30, 143.01, 145.109 (Ar-C), 166.15 (C=N), 189.72 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 408.15 [M⁺, 89%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₂₄N₂O₃S: C, 67.62; H, 5.92; N, 6.86; S, 7.85; found: C, 67.63; H, 5.91; N, 6.84; S, 7.84.

3.4. Preparation of (E)-Ethyl 5-(3-(dimethylamino)acryloyl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (4)

A mixture of ethyl 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2, 5 mmol), and DMF-DMA (1.19 mL, 0.01 mol) was refluxed in m-xylene (15 mL) for 2 h. After cooling, the resulting solid product was collected by filtration and recrystallized from pet. ether to give the desired product 4 as a yellow powder; Yield: 93%; m.p. 118–120 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3465, 1705, 1637 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.27 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.78 (s, 3H, CH₃), 3.05 (s, 3H, CH₃), 5.32 (t, 1H, J = 12 Hz, CH), 7.58 (t, 1H, J = 12 Hz, CH), 7.13–7.45 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 10.15 (s, 1H, NH; ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.15 (CH₃CH₂), 16.49 (CH₃), 37.19, 43.22 (N-CH₃), 60.12 (CH₃-CH₂), 93.81 (-CO-CH=), 109.41, 119.92 (2C), 123.11, 124.03, 129.65 (2C), 139.05, 140.18, 159.48 (Ar-C), 153.08 (=CH-N), 165.62 (C=O) for ester, 180.01 (C=O) for enaminone; MS m/z (%): 385 [M⁺, 33%]; Anal. calcd. for C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₃S: C, 63.66; H, 6.19; N, 7.82; S, 8.95; found: C, 63.67; H, 6.20; N, 7.85; S, 8.97.

3.5. General Preparation of compounds 6a–c (GP2)

A mixture of 4 (1 mmol) and the appropriate hydrazine derivative (1 mmol, 1 equiv.) was refluxed for 6 h in EtOH (10 mL). The solid product was collected by filtration and recrystallized from EtOH to afforded 6a–c.

Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)-5-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (6a). Compound 6a was prepared as a pale brown powder in 90% yield according to GP2 using hydrazine (1 mmol); m.p. 126–128 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3423, 3242, 1636, 1242 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 6.43 (s, 1H, CH), 7.76 (s, 1H, CH) ,7.08–7.39 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 10.01 (s, 1H, NH), 12.91 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.96 (CH₂CH₃), 15.66 (CH₃), 59.60 (CH₂CH₃), 103.81, 107.89, 111.55, 118.35, 122.72, 129.08, 130.47, 132.03, 140.15, 143.09, 157.96 (Ar-C), 166.17 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 327 [M⁺, 15%]; Anal. calcd. for C₁₇H₁₇N₃O₂S: C, 62.36; H, 5.23; N, 12.83; S, 9.79; found: C, 62.35; H, 5.23; N, 12.80; S, 9.76.

Ethyl 4-methyl-5-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (6b). Compound 6b was prepared as a reddish brown powder in 30% yield according to GP2 using aniline (0.093 mL); m.p. 166 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3445, 1655, 1597 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.77 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.04 (s, 1H, ⁴CH), 6.60–7.60 (m,10H,Ar-H), 8.33 (s, 1H, ⁵CH), 10.97 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.75 (CH₂CH₃), 17.75 (CH₃), 60.13 (CH₂CH₃), 112.77, 113.21, 115.41, 120.87, 122.14, 125, 125.65, 129.33, 130.22, 130.27, 140.05, 144.10, 147.59, 149.69 (Ar-C), 165.99 (C=O). MS m/z (%): 403 [M⁺, 10%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₂H₂₁ClN₂O₂S: C, 68.46; H, 5.25; N, 10.41; S, 7.95; found: C, 68.47; H, 5.26; N, 10.40; S, 7.96.

Ethyl 5-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (6c). Compound 6c was prepared as a reddish brown powder in 99% yield according to GP2 using p-chloroaniline (0.127 g); m.p. 163 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3427, 1653, 1593 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 1.90 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.24 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 6.62 (s, 1H, ⁴CH), 6.70–7.70 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 7.81 (s, 1H, ⁵CH), 10 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.66 (CH₂CH₃), 16.33 (CH₃), 60.63 (CH₂CH₃), 106.59, 108.17, 108.33, 111.64, 119.88 (2C), 120.29 (2C), 124.34, 126.02, 129.74 (2C), 130.18 (2C), 132.40, 134.77, 136.40, 141.20, 160.13 (Ar-C), 165.89 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 437 [M⁺, 89%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₃H₂₀ClN₃O₂S: C, 63.08; H, 4.60; Cl, 8.10; N, 9.59; S, 7.32; found: C, 63.10; H, 4.60; Cl, 8.13; N, 9.562; S, 7.34.

3.6. General Preparation of Compounds 9a–f (GP3)

To a mixture of the appropriate (Z)-ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)acetate derivative (1 mmol) in dry benzene (20 mL) containing NEt₃ (a few drops) the enaminone 4 (1 mmol) was added, followed by ZnCl₂ (0.2 gm) and the reaction mixture was then refluxed for 6 h. The solid product was collected by filtration and recrystallized from EtOH to afforded 9a–f.

Ethyl 4-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-methyl-5-(phenylamino)thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (9a). Compound 9a was prepared as a yellowish white powder in 63% yield according to GP3 using (Z)-ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)acetate; m.p. 143–145 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3447, 1721, 1657, 1598 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.23, 1.40 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.63 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.31, 4.36 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.13–7.77 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 8.12 (s, 1H, pyrazol-H), 10.73 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.88, 13.21 (CH₂CH₃), 15.95 (CH₃), 59.67 (CH₂CH₃), 119.05, 123.89, 127.55, 128.02, 128.62, 137.22, 138.05, 142.05, 147.86, 148.01, 163.50; MS m/z (%): 503 [M⁺, 67%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₂₅N₃O₅S: C, 64.40; H, 5.00; N, 8.34; S, 6.37; found: C, 64.42; H, 5.01; N, 8.35; S, 6.39.

Ethyl 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-methyl-5-(phenylamino)thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (9b). Compound 9b was prepared as yellowish white powder in 65% yield according to GP3 using (Z)-ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazono)acetate; m.p. 205–209 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3449, 1723, 1655, 1507 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.23 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 1.40 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃) 2.64 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.31 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 4.37 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.13–7.39 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.45–7.73 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 10.73 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 12.93, 13.27 (CH₂CH₃), 16.02 (CH₃), 59.76, 60.60 (CH₂CH₃), 109.35, 119.11, 119.91, 120.23, 123.81, 126.39, 127.42, 128.70, 128.75, 132.89, 136.44, 138.39, 141.85, 146.73, 160.08 (Ar-C), 162.81, 166.03 (C=O) ester, 179.73 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 537 [M⁺, 91%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₂₄ClN₃O₅S: C, 60.28; H, 4.50; Cl, 6.59; N, 7.81; S, 5.96; found: C, 60.27; H, 4.50; Cl, 6.62; N, 7.83; S, 5.95.

Ethyl 4-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-methyl-5-(phenylamino)thiophene-2-carbonyl)-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (9c). Compoun 9c was prepared as a yellowish white powder in 50% yield according to GP3 using (Z)-ethyl-2-chloro-2-(2-(p-tolyl)-hydrazono)acetate; m.p. 170–172 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3428, 1721, 1656, 1618 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.12, 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH₃-Ph), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.19, 4.31 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.19–7.79 (m,9H,Ar-H), 8.93 (s, 1H, pyrazole-H), 10.27 (s, 1H, NH).; ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.21, 13.45 (CH₂CH₃), 15.63, 15.88 (CH₃), 59.73, 60.16 (CH₂CH₃), 109.35, 118.52, 120.57, 125.46, 129, 129.37 (Ar-C); MS m/z (%): 517 [M⁺, 95%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₈H₂₇N₃O₅S: C, 64.97; H, 5.26; N, 8.12; S, 6.19; found: C, 64.97; H, 5.25; N, 8.15; S, 6.17.

Ethyl 5-(3-acetyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (9d). Compound 9d was prepared as a yellow powder in 67% yield according to GP3 using (Z)-2-oxo-Nʹ-phenylpropanehydrazonoyl chloride; m.p. 200–202 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3451, 1691, 1658, 1596 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.40 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.22 (s, 3H, CH₃-CO), 2.63 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.36 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7–7.76 (m, 9H, Ar-H) , 8.10 (s, 1H, pyrazole-H), 10.70 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.32 (CH₂CH₃), 17.08 (CH₃), 25.15 (CH₃-CO), 60.67 (CH₂CH₃), 110.46, 119.81, 120.27, 120.37, 122.47, 125.96, 128.12, 128.50, 128.92, 129.76, 139.09, 139.60, 141.87, 147.58, 163.91 (Ar-C), 167, 181.48, 193.10 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 473 [M⁺, 75%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₂₃N₃O₄S: C, 65.94; H, 4.90; N, 8.87; O, 13.51; S, 6.77; found: C, 65.93; H, 4.90; N, 8.88; S, 6.78.

Ethyl 5-(3-acetyl-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)-thiophene-3-carboxylate (9e). Compound 9e was prepared as a yellow powder in 77% yield according to GP3 using (Z)-Nʹ-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopropylhydrazonoyl chloride; m.p. 255–256 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3450, 1691, 1656, 1594 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.18 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.10 (s, 3H, CH₃-CO), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.13–8 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.96 (s, 1H, pyrazole-H), 10.28 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 13.34 (CH₂CH₃), 15.69 (CH₃), 24.59 (CH₃-CO), 108.66, 115.65, 119.17, 120.54, 123.31, 128 .05, 128.39, 128.88, 129.01, 139.45; MS m/z (%): 507 [M⁺, 19%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₆H₂₂ClN₃O₄S: C, 61.47; H, 4.37; Cl, 6.98; N, 8.27; S, 6.31; found: C, 61.48; H, 4.36; Cl, 7.00; N, 8.32; S, 6.30.

Ethyl 5-(3-acetyl-1-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (9f). Compound 9f was prepared as a yellow powder in 42% yield according to GP2 using (Z)-2-oxo-Nʹ-(p-tolyl)propanehydrazonoyl chloride; m.p. 215–217 °C; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹) ν_max = 3451, 1658, 1634, 1595 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 2.10 (s, 3H, CH₃-Ph), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.72 (s, 3H, CH₃-CO), 4.33 (q, 2H, J = 6 Hz, CH₂CH₃), 7.11–7.84 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.89 (s, 1H, pyrazol-H), 10.27 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 14.32 (CH₂CH₃), 17.08 (CH₃), 25.15 (CH₃-CO), 60.67 (CH₂CH₃), 110.46, 119.81, 120.27, 120.37, 122.47, 125.96, 128.12, 128.50, 128.92, 129.76, 139.09, 139.60, 141.87, 147.58, 163.91 (Ar-C), 167, 181.48, 193.10 (C=O); MS m/z (%): 487 [M⁺, 55%]; Anal. calcd. for C₂₇H₂₅N₃O₄S: C, 66.51; H, 5.17; N, 8.62; S, 6.58; found: C, 66.50; H, 5.18; N, 8.61; S, 6.57.

3.7. Antifungal Activity of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

Samples of 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f were screened in vitro for antifungal activity against various fungi, namely, Aspergillus fumigates, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotricum candidum and Candida albicans. The antifungal activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method according to a reported procedure [27].

3.8. Antibacterial Activity of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

Samples of 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains namely, Escherichia coli and Pseudomoas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillis subtilis and Staphylococcus pneumonia (Gram-positive bacteria). The antibacterial activity was measured by the agar well diffusion method according to a reported procedure [27].

3.9. Molecular Modeling

For the docking of ligands into the proteins’ active sites and for estimating the binding affinities of docked compounds, the X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli 24 kDa domain in complex with clorobiocin (PDB code: 1KZN) and the crystal structure of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylase (Cyp51) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complex with fluconazole (PDB 1EA1) were obtained from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank [28] and loaded to the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD2013.6.0.0 [win32]) program (fully functional free trial version with time limiting license [29]). The non-bonded oxygen atoms of water, present in the crystal structure, were removed. ChemBio3D Ultra 10 [30] was used to draw the 3D structures of the different ligands. Ligands were further pre-optimized using the free version of MarvinSketch 4.1.13 from Chemaxon Ltd. [31] with the MM force field and saved in Tripos mol2 file format. MolDock score functions were used with a 0.3 Å grid resolution. The binding sites were defined to any residues with 10 Å distant from the cocrystallized clorobiocin and fluconazole in the complex crystal structure of the enzymes [32,33].

4. Conclusions

The synthesis in excellent yield and characterization of the new compound ethyl 5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2) was reported. The structure of 2 was deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. New enaminone derivatives 4 and a series of novel pyrazole derivatives 6a–c and 9a–f were reported. All synthesized products have been examined for anti-microbial activity and shown promising results. Also the molecular docking of the synthesized compounds was discussed.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at king Saud University for its funding this Research group N° (RG-007-1435-1436).

Author Contributions

YNM designed the subject; NAK carried out the synthetic part; SA and SSA-S helped in the result and discussion; AB prepared the manuscript; HAG carried out the molecular docking; and WF carried out the X-ray part. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of compounds 2–9 are available from the authors.

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Mabkhot, Y.N.; Kaal, N.A.; Alterary, S.; Al-Showiman, S.S.; Barakat, A.; Ghabbour, H.A.; Frey, W. Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore. Molecules 2015, 20, 8712-8729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058712

AMA Style

Mabkhot YN, Kaal NA, Alterary S, Al-Showiman SS, Barakat A, Ghabbour HA, Frey W. Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore. Molecules. 2015; 20(5):8712-8729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058712

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mabkhot, Yahia Nasser, Nahed Ahmed Kaal, Seham Alterary, Salim S. Al-Showiman, Assem Barakat, Hazem A. Ghabbour, and Wolfgang Frey. 2015. "Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore" Molecules 20, no. 5: 8712-8729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058712

APA Style

Mabkhot, Y. N., Kaal, N. A., Alterary, S., Al-Showiman, S. S., Barakat, A., Ghabbour, H. A., & Frey, W. (2015). Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore. Molecules, 20(5), 8712-8729. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058712

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Synthesis, In-Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Molecular Modeling of Potent Anti-Microbial Agents with a Combined Pyrazole and Thiophene Pharmacophore

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

2.2. X-ray Crystal Structure of Compound 2

2.3. Antimicrobial Activity

2.4. Molecular Modeling

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

3.2. Preparation of Ethyl 5-Acetyl-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (2)

3.3. General Preparation of Compounds 3a–c (GP1)

3.4. Preparation of (E)-Ethyl 5-(3-(dimethylamino)acryloyl)-4-methyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (4)

3.5. General Preparation of compounds 6a–c (GP2)

3.6. General Preparation of Compounds 9a–f (GP3)

3.7. Antifungal Activity of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

3.8. Antibacterial Activity of Compounds 2, 3a–c, 4, 6a–c and 9a–f

3.9. Molecular Modeling

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

Conflicts of Interest

References

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