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Article

Stereoselective Synthesis and Cytoselective Toxicity of Monoterpene-Fused 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines

by
Zsolt Szakonyi
1,*,
István Zupkó
2,
Reijo Sillanpää
3 and
Ferenc Fülöp
1,4,*
1
Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
2
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
4
Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(10), 15918-15937; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191015918
Submission received: 27 August 2014 / Revised: 22 September 2014 / Accepted: 24 September 2014 / Published: 2 October 2014
(This article belongs to the Collection Efficient Pharmaceutical and Chemical Approaches for Anticancer Therapy: Design, Preliminary Evaluations, and Further Developments)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Starting from pinane-, apopinane- and carane-based 1,3-amino alcohols obtained from monoterpene-based β-amino acids, a library of monoterpene-fused 2-imino-1,3-thiazines as main products and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazines as side-products were prepared via two- or three-step syntheses. When thiourea adducts prepared from 1,3-amino alcohols and aryl isothiocyanates were reacted with CDI under mild conditions, O-imidazolylcarbonyl intermediates were isolated which could be transformed to the desired 1,3-thiazines under microwave conditions. 1,3-Thiazines and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazine side-products could also be prepared in one-step reactions through the application of CDI and microwave irradiation. The ring-closure process was extended to cycloalkane-based γ-hydroxythioureas. The carane- and apopinane-based derivatives exhibited marked antiproliferative activity against a panel of human adherent cancer cell lines (HeLa, A2780, MCF7 and A431).

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the past decade, alicyclic 1,3-amino alcohols have proved to be versatile building blocks. They have been applied as useful starting materials in the stereoselective syntheses of compounds of pharmacological interest and they have served as chiral ligands and auxiliaries in enantioselective transformations [1,2,3].
Several natural chiral terpenes, including (+)-pulegone [4,5,6] α- and β-pinene [7,8,9] and fenchone-camphor [10,11,12], have proved to be excellent sources for the production of various amino alcohols, which have been successfully applied in enantioselective syntheses. The transformation of enantiomerically pure α-pinene to β-amino acid derivatives such as 1,3-amino alcohols was recently reported [9,13]. These synthons served as chiral auxiliaries in the enantioselective synthesis of secondary alcohols or pharmacons, e.g., esomeprasol [14,15,16,17,18].
Besides their value in enantioselective catalysis, 1,3-amino alcohols are good starting points for the synthesis of various heterocyclic ring systems, such as 1,3-oxazines, 1,3-thiazines or 1,4-oxazepams [2,19]. The 2-imino-1,3-thiazine and 2-iminothiazolidine ring systems can be found as moieties in biologically relevant compounds, including antifungicidal and antimicrobial agents [20], BACE1 inhibitors [21], or cannabinoid receptor agonists [22,23,24]. New spiro derivatives of 2-imino-1,3-thiazines have been synthetized and shown to be potential neuroprotectors [25].
In recent years, we have devised novel pathways to synthetize new monoterpene-based chiral β-lactams and β-amino acid derivatives derived from (–)- and (+)-α-pinene, (–)-3-carene, (–)- and (+)-apopinene and myrtenic acid [9,13,26,27,28,29,30]. These amino acid derivatives have proved to be excellent building blocks for the syntheses of compounds with multidrug resistance (MDR) antagonist activity [29].
We also found that monoterpene-based 1,3-amino alcohols prepared from the abovementioned β-amino acid derivatives are excellent building blocks for the synthesis of 2-imino-1,3-oxazines which possess marked anti-cancer activity [31]. The analogous pinane- or apopinane-based 2-imino-1,3-thiazines could not be prepared by the methods applied earlier for the synthesis of cycloalkane- or norbornane-fused analogue 1,3-thiazines [32,33].
The aim of the present work was to synthetize new chiral pinane-, apopinane- and carane-fused 2-imino-1,3-thiazines, analogues of 1,3-oxazines with noteworthy cytoselective toxicity on multiple cancer cell lines.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Syntheses of Alicyclic and Monoterpene-Based 1,3-Amino Alcohols

The synthetic routes applied for the preparation of 1,3-amino alcohols 9–12 and 16–18 followed literature methods (Figure 1) [9,13,27,28,29,31,33]. The corresponding β-lactams were prepared by the stereoselective cycloaddition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to cyclopentene, cycloxene, α-pinene, 3-carene and apopinene, followed by ring opening, which resulted in cis-fused β-amino esters 5–8 and 14. Under alkaline conditions, the cis-amino ester 14 underwent fast and complete isomerization at the carboxylic function, resulting in the trans-amino ester 15 in excellent yield [28]. Reduction of 5–8, 14 and 15 with LAH led to the primary amino alcohols 9–12, 16 and 17. From 17, N-benzyl derivative 18 was prepared by reductive alkylation with benzaldehyde and NaBH4 in EtOH [31].
Molecules 19 15918 g001 550
Figure 1. Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol starting materials.
Figure 1. Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol starting materials.
Molecules 19 15918 g001

2.2. Syntheses of 2-Imino-1,3-thiazine Derivatives

The intermediate thiourea adducts 19–23 were prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of the appropriate aryl isothiocyanates and 1,3-amino alcohols 10, 11 and 16–18 (Scheme 1, Table 1) [13,27,31].
Molecules 19 15918 g003 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis and attempted ring closure of thioureas 19–23.
Scheme 1. Synthesis and attempted ring closure of thioureas 19–23.
Molecules 19 15918 g003
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1.05 equiv. R3NCS, toluene, rt, yield: 85%–95%; (ii) 10% HCl/EtOH, rt to reflux; (iii) DEAD, TPP, THF, rt.
Table
Table 1. Thioureas 19–23 and O-imidazolylcarbonyl intermediates 29–33.
Table 1. Thioureas 19–23 and O-imidazolylcarbonyl intermediates 29–33.
General StructureR1R2R3Compound No.
Molecules 19 15918 i001MeHPh19a
HHPh21a
HH4-MeC6H421b
HH4-FC6H421c
HH3-MeOC6H421d
Molecules 19 15918 i002HHPh22a
HCH2PhPh23a
Molecules 19 15918 i003MeHPh20a
Molecules 19 15918 i004MeHPh29a
HHPh31a
HH4-MeC6H431b
HH4-FC6H431c
HH3-MeOC6H431d
Molecules 19 15918 i005HHPh32a
HCH2PhPh33a
Molecules 19 15918 i006HHH30a
Although a number of methods are known for the conversion of 3-hydroxypropylthioureas to the corresponding 2-imino-1,3-thiazines, e.g., acid-promoted dehydrative cyclization [32,33] or Mitsubobu conditions [34], in the cases of the highly constrained acid-sensitive bicyclic pinane and carane skeletons the expected 2-imino-1,3-thiazine systems were not obtained.
Bernacki et al. recently reported that they also identified 2-aminothiazoline cyclization products besides the expected main product thioureas in the reactions of 1,2-amino alcohols and 3-aminobenzonitrile in the presence of thio-CDI [35]. Finally, they devised an excellent protocol for the cyclization of 1,2-amino alcohol-based thiourea derivatives to yield 2-phenylaminothiazolines under mild conditions (rt, THF, CDI or thio-CDI).
When we applied the above-mentioned mild conditions, we observed the formation of O-imidazolylcarbonyl intermediates 29–33 (similar intermediates were presumed, but could not be isolated in Bernacki’s work) as single products even when the reaction mixture was subjected to conventional heating from room temperature to reflux (Table 1). The structures of intermediates 31c and 31d were determined by X-ray crystallography (Figure 2) and NMR measurements.
Molecules 19 15918 g002 550
Figure 2. ORTEP plots of the configurations of the major diastereoisomers 31c and 31d (the C atom of the methoxy group (C14) is disordered in a 1:1 ratio).
Figure 2. ORTEP plots of the configurations of the major diastereoisomers 31c and 31d (the C atom of the methoxy group (C14) is disordered in a 1:1 ratio).
Molecules 19 15918 g002
However, when microwave irradiation was applied to the isolated intermediates 29–33 in THF, we obtained the desired 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 25–28 as main products in acceptable yields in a short time (60 min) (Scheme 3, Table 2).
Table
Table 2. 2-Phenylimono-1,3-thiazines 24–28.
Table 2. 2-Phenylimono-1,3-thiazines 24–28.
General StructureR1R2R3Compound No.
Molecules 19 15918 i007MeHPh24a
HHPh26a
HH4-MeC6H426b
HH4-FC6H426c
HH3-MeOC6H426d
Molecules 19 15918 i008HHPh27a
HCH2PhPh28a
Molecules 19 15918 i009MeHPh25a
The ring-closure process could be carried out in one step by applying CDI in THF under microwave conditions. Moreover, we observed that 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazines 34–37 were also formed as minor products in 10%–24% yields. The transformation of 20a was an exception, when thiazine 25a was isolated as a single product. Besides NMR assignments, the structures of 35 and 36 were proved by independent synthesis starting from the corresponding amino alcohols and thiophosgene.
The above procedure was subsequently extended to 1-(2-hydroxymethylcycloalkyl)thioureas. Starting from cycloalkane-based 1,3-amino alcohols 9 and 10, thioureas 38 and 39 were prepared by a literature method [33]. When 38 and 39 were treated with CDI in THF, rapid conversion to intermediates 40 and 41 was observed and in this case the ring-closure proceeded under conventional heating to yield 1,3-thiazines 42 and 43 (Scheme 2). We observed that the developed method could be applied more easily in the case of thioureas with sterically less hindered structures.
Molecules 19 15918 g004 550
Scheme 2. Extension of the ring-closure process.
Scheme 2. Extension of the ring-closure process.
Molecules 19 15918 g004
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1.05 equiv. PhNCS, toluene, rt, 4 h; (ii) 1.5 equiv. CDI, THF, rt, 1 h; (iii) THF, reflux, 3 h, yield: 73%–86%

2.3. Antiproliferative Activities

The novel 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 24–28 (Scheme 3) and some of their analogues were subjected to in vitro pharmacological studies in order to investigate their antiproliferative properties on a panel of human adherent cancer cell lines. The results of MTT assays are presented in Table 3. Carane-based compound 25a proved to be the most potent of the tested compounds, exhibiting a cell growth-inhibiting capacity comparable to that of the reference agent cisplatin. Compounds with a pinane ring were generally less potent, while the introduction of a methyl group at position 2 (Scheme 3) favoured the action (24a). Substitution of the N-phenyl ring had a limited and inconsequential impact on the efficacy (26a–d), while the introduction of a N-benzyl function onto the 1,3-thiazine skeleton was disadvantageous (28a). Since no substantial difference was observed between the effects of 26a and 27a, the configuration of C-3 (cis or trans ring fusion, Scheme 3) also seems irrelevant. On the other hand, the 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazine analogue (35) was completely ineffective, indicating that the arylimino substituent is an essential part of the molecule. Replacement of the pinane or carane ring system with cyclopentane (42) or cyclohexane (43) also led to ineffective congeners, demonstrating the crucial role of the bicyclic monoterpene as a building block for the design and synthesis of novel antiproliferative agents.
Molecules 19 15918 g005 550
Scheme 3. CDI mediated ring closure of thioureas 19–23.
Scheme 3. CDI mediated ring closure of thioureas 19–23.
Molecules 19 15918 g005
Reagents and conditions: (i) 1.5 equiv. CDI, THF, rt, 6 h, yield: 52%–78%; (ii) MW, 200 W, 125 °C, 1 h, THF, yield: 49%–67% for 24–28 and 8–22% for 34–37; (iii) 1.5 equiv. CDI, MW, 200 W, 125 °C, 1 h, yield: 47%–64% for 24–28 and 10%–24% for 34–37.
Table
Table 3. Antiproliferative effects of 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 24–28, 42, 43 and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazine 35 on human cancer cell lines.
Table 3. Antiproliferative effects of 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 24–28, 42, 43 and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazine 35 on human cancer cell lines.
Compnd.Conc.Growth Inhibition, % ± SEM a
HeLaA2780MCF7A431
24a10 µM-67.45 ± 0.8339.40 ± 2.4173.01 ± 1.52
30 µM25.59 ± 1.9386.02 ± 0.2762.08 ± 1.7883.15 ± 1.25
25a10 µM-65.24 ± 1.6565.91 ± 0.9660.54 ± 1.79
30 µM96.40 ± 0.2896.42 ± 0.1586.09 ± 1.2094.17 ± 0.51
26a10 µM--26.52 ± 2.7967.70 ± 1.49
30 µM22.03 ± 1.5768.93 ± 0.9750.45 + 1.7985.68 ± 0.74
26b10 µM-45.45 ± 2.01-65.20 ± 1.47
30 µM37.02 ± 2.2058.67 ± 1.2943.66 ± 2.3274.49 ± 1.02
26c10 µM44.90 ± 0.8840.02 ± 0.8821.55 ± 0.9932.93 ± 1.20
30 µM53.60 ± 1.0756.86 ± 1.1730.93 ± 1.2934.20 ± 1.02
26d10 µM27.40 ± 0.5220.87 ± 1.87-34.92 ± 2.66
30 µM33.67 ± 2.6192.17 ± 0.5163.84 ± 2.3682.46 ± 1.11
27a10 µM-37.26 ± 2.3543.83 ± 0.9977.32 ± 0.94
30 µM21.57 ± 0.9242.80 ± 2.7847.15 ± 2.9380.05 ± 1.15
28a10 µM46.83 ± 1.4223.10 ± 1.00--
30 µM42.24 ± 2.4850.23 ± 0.5223.84 ± 1.08-
3510 µM----
30 µM----
4210 µM----
30 µM-41.23 ± 1.30--
4310 µM----
30 µM24.07 ± 2.96-32.59 ± 1.49-
Cisplatin10 µM42.61 ± 2.3383.57 ± 1.2153.03 ± 2.2988.54 ± 0.50
30 µM99.93 ± 0.2695.02 ± 0.2886.90 ± 1.2490.18 ± 1.78
a Substances eliciting less than 20% inhibition of cell proliferation were regarded as ineffective and the results are not presented.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 400 spectrometer (400 MHz, δ = 0 (TMS)), in an appropriate solvent. Chemical shifts are expressed in ppm (δ) relative to TMS as internal reference. J values are given in Hz. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 instrument. Microanalyses were performed on a Perkin-Elmer 2400 elemental analyser. Microwave reactions were carried out by heating at 125 °C and 200 W for 1 h in a CEM Discover LabMate microwave reactor. Optical rotations were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer 341 polarimeter. Melting points were determined on a Kofler apparatus and are uncorrected. Chromatographic separations were carried out on Merck Kieselgel 60 (230–400 mesh ASTM). Reactions were monitored with Merck Kieselgel 60 F254-precoated TLC plates (0.25 mm thickness). All the chemicals and solvents were used as supplied.
Compounds 5–18 and thioureas 19a, 20a, 38 and 39 were prepared by literature methods; all their spectroscopic data and physical properties were similar to those reported therein [9,13,27,28,29,31,33].

3.2. Synthesis

3.2.1. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Thioureas 21–23

Amino alcohol 16, 17 or 18 (1.08 mmol) and the appropriate isothiocyanate (1.14 mmol) were dissolved in toluene (80 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, except that in the case of N-benzylamino alcohol 18, heating at 50 °C for 6 h was indicated. The resulting mixtures were then evaporated to dryness, filtered and washed with n-hexane. The purities of the products obtained were determined via NMR to be >97%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-(3-Hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)-3-phenylthiourea (21a): 0.31 g (95%); mp 152–155 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +52.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.94 (1H, d, J = 9.9 Hz), 1.01 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, s), 1.63–1.70 (1H, m), 1.72–1.79 (1H, m), 1.88–1.94 (1H, m), 1.98–2.18 (3H, m), 2.54–2.65 (1H, m), 3.48-3.63 (2H, m), 5.15 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.16 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.19-7.44 (5H, m), 7.68 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.1, 26.5, 26.6, 26.8, 30.0, 32.6, 39.3, 40.7, 46.4, 57.0, 65.1, 125.7, 127.6, 130.3, 136.5, 180.2. Anal. Calcd for C17H24N2OS (304.45): C, 67.07; H, 7.95; N, 9.20; S, 10.53%; Found: C, 67.39; H, 8.13; N, 9.01; S, 10.42%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-(4-Tolyl)-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)thiourea (21b): 0.32 g (92%); mp 98–101 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +63.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.92 (1H, d, J = 10.1 Hz), 1.01 (3H, s), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.62–1.68 (1H, m), 1.73–1.86 (1H, m), 1.87–1.93 (1H, m), 1.98–2.16 (3H, m), 2.35 (3H, s), 2.54–2.64 (1H, m), 3.47–3.61 (2H, m), 5.15 (1H, br s), 7.05 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.20 (2H, d, J = 8.2 Hz). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.2, 21.5, 26.8, 26.9, 30.0, 32.8, 39.4, 40.8, 46.5, 57.0, 65.3, 126.0, 131.0, 132.8, 137.7, 151.9, 180.1. Anal. Calcd for C18H26N2OS (318.48): C, 67.88; H, 8.23; N, 8.80; S, 10.07%; Found: C, 68.13; H, 8.35; N, 8.69; S, 9.94%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)thiourea (21c): 0.32 g (93%); mp 162–163 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +55.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.97 (1H, d, J = 9.8 Hz), 1.00 (3H, s), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.62–1.72 (1H, m), 1.87–1.94 (1H, m), 1.98–2.16 (4H, m), 2.51–2.63 (1H, m), 3.51 (1H, dd, J = 4.6, 10.5 Hz), 3.61 (1H, dd, J = 3.2, 10.7 Hz), 5.11 (1H, br s), 7.01–7.26 (4H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.1, 26.6, 26.7, 29.9, 32.4, 39.3, 40.7, 46.3, 57.0, 65.0, 117.1 (d, J = 23.7 Hz), 128.1 (d, J = 8.5 Hz), 162.6, 180.1. Anal. Calcd for C17H23FN2OS (322.44): C, 63.32; H, 7.19; N, 8.69; S, 9.94%; Found: C, 63.49; H, 7.29; N, 8.48; S, 9.77%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)thiourea (21d): 0.33 g (90%); mp 118–120 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +57.0 (c 0.20, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.99 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 1.01 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, s), 1.65–1.74 (1H, m), 1.78–1.92 (2H, m), 1.99–2.19 (3H, m), 2.55–2.66 (1H, m), 3.53 (1H, dd, J = 4.5, 10.7 Hz), 3.61 (1H, br d, J = 10.5 Hz), 3.79 (3H, s), 5.17 (1H, br s), 6.72–6.83 (3H, m), ), 7.23–7.34 (2H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.1, 26.7, 26.8, 29.9, 32.6, 39.3, 40.8, 46.4, 55.8, 57.1, 65.1, 110.9, 113.1, 117.3, 128.8, 131.1, 137.6, 161.1, 179.9. Anal. Calcd for C18H26N2O2S (334.48): C, 64.64; H, 7.84; N, 8.39; S, 9.59%; Found: C, 64.73; H, 7.99; N, 8.11; S, 9.38%.
(1R,2R,3R,5R)-1-(3-Hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)-3-phenylthiourea (22a): 0.31 g (94%); mp 151–155 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = −19.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.94 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, s), 1.30 (1H, d, J = 10.2 Hz), 1.57–1.64 (1H, m), 1.71–1.88 (2H, m), 1.92–2.00 (1H, m), 2.06–2.13 (1H, m), 3.42–3.50 (1H, m), 3.66–3.83 (2H, m), 4.91 (1H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 6.16 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz), 7.18 (2H, d, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.29 (1H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.43 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.82 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 19.8, 23.8, 27.1, 27.3, 39.3, 40.4, 41.1, 46.6, 56.6, 64.4, 125.3, 127.7, 130.7, 135.8, 159.6, 179.5. Anal. Calcd for C17H24N2OS (304.45): C, 67.07; H, 7.95; N, 9.20; S, 10.53%; Found: C, 67.31; H, 7.80; N, 9.30; S, 10.41%.
(1R,2R,3R,5R)-1-Benzyl-1-(3-hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)-3-phenylthiourea (23a): 0.36 g (85%); mp 177–178 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +7.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 1.07 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, s), 1.65 (1H, d, J = 10.2 Hz), 1.75–1.86 (1H, m), 1.89–2.01 (3H, m), 2.09–2.15 (1H, m), 2.23–2.31 (1H, m), 3.55–3.63 (1H, m), 3.92–3.99 (1H, m), 4.73–4.90 (2H, m), 6.01 (1H, br s), 7.03–7.45 (10H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 19.8, 25.6, 27.3, 27.5, 35.6, 40.0, 42.8, 45.8, 49.0, 59.6, 62.1, 126.4, 126.5, 126.6, 128.5, 128.9, 129.7, 139.3, 139.8, 183.1. Anal. Calcd for C24H30N2OS (394.57): C, 73.06; H, 7.66; N, 7.10; S, 8.13%; Found: C, 73.40; H, 7.86; N, 7.05; S, 8.38%.

3.2.2. General Procedure for the Reactions of Thioureas 19–23 with CDI to Yield Intermediates 29–33

To the respective thiourea (1.25 mmol) 19–23, 38 or 39 in THF solution (12 mL), CDI (0.306 g, 1.88 mmol) was added at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2–6 h at room temperature (TLC monitoring), followed by careful evaporation of the solvent at 35 °C. The crude products obtained were purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-[2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-(3-phenylthioureido)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (29a): 0.27 g (52%); oil, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +32.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.92 (3H, s), 1.07 (1H, d, J = 10.1 Hz), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.42 (3H, s), 1.60–1.76 (1H, m), 1.92–2.20 (3H, m), 2.90–3.00 (1H, m), 4.35 (2H, d, J = 5.2 Hz), 5.26 (1H, t, J = 9.4 Hz), 6.25 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.05–7.39 (7H, m), 7.80 (1H, br s), 7.92 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.3, 22.5, 26.7, 26.6, 29.6, 30.1, 39.5, 40.8, 46.5, 55.6, 71.5, 117.5, 125.3, 128.5, 130.0, 130.4, 131.2, 135.5, 148.7, 181.5. Anal. Calcd for C22H28N4O2S (412.55): C, 64.05; H, 6.84; N, 13.58; S, 7.77%; Found: C, 63.89; H, 6.91; N, 13.73; S, 7.65%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-[2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-(3-phenylthioureido)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (30a): 0.32 g (62%); oil, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = –140.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.58 (1H, t, J = 8.5 Hz), 0.76–0.85 (2H, m), 0.93 (3H, s), 1.05 (3H, s), 1.28–1.55 (3H, m), 1.67 (3H, s), 1.72–1.82 (1H, m), 3.36 (1H, dd, J = 2.7, 11.1 Hz), 3.75 (1H,dd, J = 7.1, 14.0 Hz), 3.84 (1H, dd, J = 11.3, 16.7 Hz), 3.95 (1H, dd, J = 2.7, 11.2 Hz), 7.19 (1H, br s), 7.22–7.46 (7H, m). 13LC-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 15.6, 19.1, 19.3, 24.0, 29.0, 30.1, 31.1, 45.4, 63.0, 69.1, 122.5, 126.6, 126.9, 127.6, 128.8, 130.1, 137.0, 143.0, 180.0. Anal. Calcd for C22H28N4O2S (412.55): C, 64.05; H, 6.84; N, 13.58; S, 7.77%; Found: C, 64.21; H, 6.97; N, 13.23; S, 7.71%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-[6,6-Dimethyl-2-(3-phenylthioureido)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (31a): 0.39 g (78%); oil, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +39.0 (c 0.32, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.86 (1H, d, J = 10.3 Hz), 1.03 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, s), 1.65–1.72 (1H, m), 1.95–2.26 (4H, m), 2.90–3.00 (1H, m), 4.39 (2H, d, J = 5.4 Hz), 5.29 (1H, t, J = 9.2 Hz), 6.26 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.00–7.30 (7H, m), 7.85 (1H, br s), 7.92 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.1, 26.5, 26.6, 29.6, 30.1, 39.5, 40.7, 46.5, 55.8, 71.5, 117.3, 125.5, 128.1, 130.1, 130.5, 131.0, 135.9, 148.9, 181.0. Anal. Calcd for C21H26N4O2S (398.52): C, 63.29; H, 6.58; N, 14.06; S, 8.05%; Found: C, 63.54; H, 6.60; N, 13.84; S, 7.91%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-{6,6-Dimethyl-2-[3-(4-tolyl)thioureido]bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl}methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (31b): 0.36 g (69%); mp 148–150 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +81.0 (c 0.265, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.97 (3H, s), 1.19 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz), 1.24 (3H, s), 1.66–1.75 (1H, m), 1.91–1.99 (2H, m), 2.06–2.16 (1H, m), 2.19–2.30 (1H, m), 2.24 (3H, s), 2.79–2.91 (1H, m), 4.34–4.44 (2H, m), 5.14 (1H, t, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.01–7.09 (3H, m), 7.25 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 8.23 (1H, s), 9.28 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (DMSO–d6) δ (ppm) 21.3, 21.5, 27.1, 27.2, 29.9, 30.4, 39.3, 47.0, 53.7, 59.0, 71.8, 118.4, 124.1, 129.7, 131.0, 134.2, 137.2, 137.7, 149.3, 181.6. Anal. Calcd for C22H28N4O2S (412.55): C, 64.05; H, 6.84; N, 13.58; S, 7.77%; Found: C, 64.39; H, 6.93; N, 13.27; S, 7.56%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-{6,6-Dimethyl-2-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)thioureido]bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl}methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (31c): 0.39 g (75%); mp 201–203 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +44.0 (c 0.35, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.87 (1H, d, J = 10.5 Hz), 1.03 (3H, s), 1.24 (3H, s), 1.65–1.72 (1H, m), 1.96–2.26 (4H, m), 2.91–3.01 (1H, m), 4.37–4.46 (2H, m), 5.26 (1H, t, J = 9.9 Hz), 6.20 (1H, br s), 6.94–7.15 (5H, m), 7.30 (1H, s), 7.78 (1H, br s), 8.14 (1H, br s). 13C-NMR (DMSO–d6) δ (ppm) 21.0, 26.5, 26.6, 29.7, 30.1, 39.4, 40.6, 46.6, 55.4, 71.6, 117.2, 117.3, 117.4, 127.7, 127.8, 148.8, 160.4, 162.9, 181.3. Anal. Calcd for C21H25FN4O2S (416.51): C, 60.56; H, 6.05; N, 13.45; S, 7.70%; Found: C, 60.79; H, 6.41; N, 13.08; S, 7.53%.
(1R,2R,3S,5R)-{6,6-Dimethyl-2-[3-(3-methoxyphenyl)thioureido]bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl}methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (31d): 0.39 g (73%); mp 128–130 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +9.0 (c 0.26, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.91 (1H, d, J = 10.6 Hz), 1.03 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, s), 1.66–1.72 (1H, m), 1.97–2.02 (1H, m), 2.06–2.28 (3H, m), 2.90–3.00 (1H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.34–4.44 (2H, m), 5.30 (1H, t, J = 9.8 Hz), 6.41 (1H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 6.60–6.69 (3H, m), 7.02 (1H, s), 7.17 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.22 (1H, s), 7.79 (1H, s), 7.92 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.2, 26.6, 26.7, 29.6, 30.2, 39.6, 40.7, 46.6, 55.8, 55.9, 71.5, 110.6, 111.2, 113.4, 117.1, 117.3, 131.0, 131.3, 137.0, 148.9, 161.4, 180.8. Anal. Calcd for C22H28N4O3S (428.55): C, 61.66; H, 6.59; N, 13.07; S, 7.48%; Found: C, 61.83; H, 6.84; N, 12.89; S, 7.53%.
(1R,2R,3R,5R)-[6,6-Dimethyl-2-(3-phenylthioureido)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (32a): 0.33 g (67%); oil, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = −15.0 (c 0.30, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.95 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, s), 1.31 (1H, d, J = 9.5 Hz), 1.61–1.72 (1H, m), 1.94–2.19 (5H, m), 4.54 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 10.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 10.7 Hz), 5.04 (1H, t, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.16 (1H, d, J = 9.2 Hz), 7.06 (1H, s), 7.13 (2H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.24–7.29 (1H, m), 7.40 (2H, t, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.46 (1H, br s), 8.13 (1H, br s), 8.16 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 19.9, 23.6, 26.7, 27.5, 35.6, 40.2, 40.646.2, 55.7, 70.4, 117.6, 125.2, 127.5, 130.6, 131.0, 136.5, 149.2, 180.3. Anal. Calcd for C21H26N4O2S (398.52): C, 63.29; H, 6.58; N, 14.06; S, 8.05%; Found: C, 63.43; H, 6.75; N, 13.85; S, 8.16%.
(1R,2R,3R,5R)-[6,6-Dimethyl-2-(1-benzyl-3-phenylthioureido)bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (33a): 0.37 g (60%); oil, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = −15.0 (c 0.30, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 1.09 (3H, s), 1.32 (3H, s), 1.68 (1H, d, J = 10.1 Hz), 1.80–1.89 (1H, m), 1.95–2.11 (2H, m), 2.20 (1H, t, J = 5.4 Hz), 2.33–2.50 (2H, m), 4.65 (1H, dd, J = 7.3, 11.6 Hz), 4.80–4.89 (3H, m), 6.50 (1H, br d, J = 10.6 Hz), 7.03–7.55 (12H, m), 8.20 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.1, 25.7, 27.1, 28.1, 33.3, 39.9, 42.5, 45.8, 49.1, 58.9, 70.3, 117.7, 126.3, 126.5, 128.7, 128.9, 129.2, 130.9, 131.8, 136.1, 137.1, 140.0, 149.2, 184.2. Anal. Calcd for C28H32N4O2S (488.22): C, 68.82; H, 6.60; N, 11.47; S, 6.56%; Found: C, 68.63; H, 6.49; N, 11.72; S, 6.83%.
2-[(3-Phenylthioureido)cyclopent-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (40): 0.28 g (65%); oil, 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 1.36–1.49 (2H, m), 1.54–1.75 (2H, m), 1.92–2.02 (1H, m), 2.08–2.18 (1H, m), 2.73–2.84 (1H, m), 4.31 (1H, dd, J = 5.3, 11.0 HZ), 4.39 (1H, dd, J = 6.1, 11.1 Hz), 4.96–5.04 (1H, m), 5.96 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.03 (1H, s), 7.10–7.15 (2H, m), 7.19–7.25 (1H, m), 7.30–7.37 (3H, m), 7.99 (1H, br s), 8.03 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 22.5, 27.7, 33.0, 39.9, 57.9, 69.0, 117.5, 125.6, 128.1, 130.7, 131.1, 136.2, 137.5, 148.9, 181.3. Anal. Calcd for C17H20N4O2S (344.43): C, 59.28; H, 5.85; N, 16.27; S, 9.39%; Found: C, 59.28; H, 5.85; N, 16.27; S, 9.39%.
2-[(3-Phenylthioureido)cyclohex-3-yl]methyl imidazole-1-carboxylate (41): 0.26 g (57%); oil, 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.86–1.00 (1H, m), 1.06–1.20 (1H, m), 1.32–1.45 (1H, m), 1.59–1.79 (4H, m), 1.86–1.97 (1H, m), 2.24–2.36 (1H, m), 4.23–4.35 (2H, m), 4.96–5.04 (1H, m), 6.23 (1H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.06–7.09 (1H, m), 7.23–7.28 (2H, m), 7.37 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.47–7.53 (3H, m), 8.20 (1H, s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 21.0, 24.7, 26.4, 32.2, 32.6, 34.3, 52.5, 122.8, 123.5, 125.6, 125.7, 129.3, 135.0, 146.1, 156.4, 171.2. Anal. Calcd for C18H22N4O2S (358.46): C, 60.31; H, 6.19; N, 15.63; S, 8.95%; Found: C, 60.47; H, 6.23; N, 15.12; S, 8.69%.

3.2.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines 24–28 and 2-Thioxo-1,3-oxazines 34–37

Method A: A CEM Discover 10 mL vial containing the respective thiourea (1.25 mmol) 19–23 in THF solution (12 mL) and CDI (0.306 g, 1.88 mmol) and sealed with a Teflon cap was irradiated at 125 °C (200 W) for 60 min with a ramp time of 5 min. Next, the solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel; elution with n-hexane/EtOAc (4:1) gave 2-imino-1,3-thiazines and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazines.
Method B: A CEM Discover 10 mL vial containing the respective intermediates (1.25 mmol) 29–33 in THF solution (12 mL) and sealed with a Teflon cap was irradiated at 125 °C (200 W) for 60 min with a ramp time of 5 min. Next, the solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel; elution with n-hexane/EtOAc (4:1) gave 2-imino-1,3-thiazines and 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazines.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-(10,10-Dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)phenylamine (26a): Method A: 0.197 g (55%), method B: 0.204 g (57%); mp 124–128 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +142.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.95 (3H, s), 1.24 (3H, s), 1.30 (1H, d, J = 10.5 Hz), 1.50–1.58 (1H, m), 1.92–1.99 (2H, m), 2.13–2.30 (2H, m), 2.61–2.73 (2H, m), 2.87 (1H, t, J = 13.4 Hz), 3.92 (1H, t, J = 8.9 Hz), 6.88–7.30 (5H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.9, 26.9, 27.0, 33.1, 34.1, 35.7, 39.0, 41.1, 47.7, 54.9, 122.9, 123.7, 129.3, 137.7, 160.4. Anal. Calcd for C17H22N2S (286.43): C, 71.28; H, 7.74; N, 9.78; S, 11.19%; Found: C, 71.39; H, 8.00; N, 9.21; S, 11.11%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-10,10-Dimethyl-5-oxa-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undecane-4-thione (35): Method A: 0.053 g (20%), method B: 0.058 g (22%); this compound was also isolated from transformations of thioureas 26c–d, in 18%–24% yield; mp 160–161 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +112.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.91 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, s), 1.28 (1H, d, J = 11.8 Hz), 1.45–1.52 (1H, m), 1.97–2.24 (4H, m), 2.64–2.75 (1H, m), 3.85–3.88 (1H, m), 3.91 (1H, dd, J = 10.2, 21.1 Hz), 4.24 (1H, dd, J = 6.1, 10.8 Hz), 7.53 (1H, br s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.4, 25.3, 26.6, 26.7, 28.0, 39.6, 40.5, 46.1, 54.2, 72.6, 192.5. Anal. Calcd for C11H17NOS (211.32): C, 62.52; H, 8.11; N, 6.63; S, 15.17%; Found: C, 62.77; H, 8.36; N, 6.41; S, 15.00%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-(10,10-Dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)-p-tolylamine (26b): Method A: 0.199 g (53%), method B: 0.203 g (54%); mp 199–203 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +170.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.94 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, s), 1.30 (1H, d, J = 10.6 Hz), 1.49–1.57 (1H, m), 1.88–1.99 (2H, m), 2.11–2.29 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.59–2.71 (2H, m), 2.87 (1H, t, J = 13.4 Hz), 3.91 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 5.01 (1H, br s), 6.80 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.08 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.9, 21.3, 26.9, 27.0, 34.2, 35.8, 39.1, 41.2, 47.8, 54.8, 122.5, 129.9, 133.0, 146.2, 159.7. Anal. Calcd for C18H24N2S (300.46): C, 71.95; H, 8.05; N, 9.32; S, 10.67%; Found: C, 71.99; H, 8.21; N, 9.10; S, 10.70%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-(10,10-Dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)-3-Methoxyphenylamine (26c): Method A: 0.225 g (57%), method B: 0.233 g (59%); mp 154–155 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +234.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.95 (3H, s), 1.25 (3H, s), 1.30 (1H, d, J = 10.6 Hz), 1.49–1.59 (1H, m), 1.90–2.02 (2H, m), 2.13–2.32 (2H, m), 2.61–2.75 (2H, m), 2.88 (1H, t, J = 12.5 Hz), 3.91 (1H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 6.81–7.00 (4H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.9, 26.9, 27.0, 34.2, 35.8, 39.1, 41.2, 47.8, 54.9, 55.6, 108.3, 109.6, 115.2, 129.8, 129.9, 150.6, 160.6. Anal. Calcd for C18H24N2OS (316.46): C, 68.32; H, 7.64; N, 8.85; S,10.13%; Found: C, 68.45; H, 7.93; N, 8.50; S,9.89%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-(10,10-Dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)-4-fluorophenylamine (26d): Method A: 0.221 g (58%), method B: 0.232 g (61%); mp 201–205 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +272.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.95 (3H, s), 1.25 (3H, s), 1.30 (1H, d, J = 10.6 Hz), 1.49–1.59 (1H, m), 1.90–2.02 (2H, m), 2.13–2.32 (2H, m), 2.61–2.75 (2H, m), 2.88 (1H, t, J = 12.5 Hz), 3.91 (1H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 6.81–7.00 (4H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.9, 26.9, 27.0, 34.2, 35.8, 39.1, 41.2, 47.8, 54.9, 55.6, 108.3, 109.6, 115.2, 129.9, 150.6, 160.6. Anal. Calcd for C17H21FN2S (304.43): C, 67.07; H, 6.95; N, 9.20; S, 10.53%; Found: C, 67.41; H, 7.13; N, 9.01; S 10.27%.
(1R,2R,7R,9R)-(10,10-Dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)phenylamine (27a): Method A: 0.186 g (52%), method B: 0.197 g (55%); mp 192–195 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +165.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.82 (3H, s), 1.25 (3H, s), 1.43–1.53 (1H, m), 1.67 (1H, d, J = 10.6 Hz), 1.91–2.16 (5H, m), 2.91–3.03 (2H, m), 3.44 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.95–7.28 (5H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.1, 23.8, 27.3, 29.9, 33.8, 41.1, 41.5, 46.6, 58.1, 121.5, 123.0, 129.2, 145.2, 160.8. Anal. Calcd for C17H22N2S (286.43): C, 71.28; H, 7.74; N, 9.78; S, 11.19%; Found: C, 71.35; H, 7.83; N, 9.65; S, 11.17%.
(1R,2R,7R,9R)-10,10-Dimethyl-5-oxa-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undecane-4-thione (36): Method A: 0.053 g (20%), method B: 0.055 g (21%); mp 176–179 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +331.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.83 (3H, s), 1.33 (3H, s), 1.54 (1H, t, J = 12.5 Hz), 1.78 (1H, d, J = 10.7 Hz), 1.87–1.95 (1H, m), 2.03–2.12 (1H, m), 2.23–2.31 (1H, m), 2.40–2.53 (1H, m), 3.62 (1H, d, J = 10.2 Hz), 4.31 (1H, dd, J = 10.1, 12.5 Hz), 4.52 (1H, dd, J = 4.7, 10.0 Hz), 8.29 (1H, br s). 13C-NMR (DMSO–d6) δ (ppm) 19.6, 23.2, 23.5, 27.5,32.6, 41.6, 42.4, 43.1, 54.9, 75.6, 188.2. Anal. Calcd for C11H17NOS (211.32): C, 62.52; H, 8.11; N, 6.63; S, 15.17%; Found: C, 62.73; H, 8.46; N, 6.52; S, 15.01%.
(1R,2R,7R,9R)-(3-Benzyl-10,10-dimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo-[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)phenylamine (28a): Method A: 0.221 g (47%), method B: 0.231 g (49%); mp 108–109 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +567.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.77 (3H, s), 1.20 (3H, s), 1.47 (1H, dt, J = 5.1, 13.6 Hz), 1.52 (1H, d, J = 10.8 Hz), 1.91–1.97 (1H, m), 2.04–2.14 (2H, m), 2.25–2.42 (2H, m), 2.88–2.99 (2H, m), 3.81 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 4.51 (1H, d, J = 16.4 Hz), 5.31 (1H, d, J = 16.6 Hz), 6.78–6.83 (2H, m), 6.94–6.99 (1H, m), 7.15–7.32 (7H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.1, 24.2, 27.5, 31.1, 34.0, 35.8, 40.3, 40.4, 42.5, 49.0, 60.2, 122.7, 122.9, 126.7, 12.8, 128.7, 129.1, 140.2, 150.5, 152.6. Anal. Calcd for C24H28N2S (376.56): C, 76.55; H, 7.49; N, 7.44; S, 8.52%; Found: C, 76.86; H, 7.63; N, 7.21; S, 8.30%.
(1R,2R,7R,9R)-3-Benzyl-10,10-dimethyl-5-oxa-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undecane-4-thione (37): Method A: 0.053 g (14%), method B: 0.060 g (16%); mp 94–97 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +132.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.71 (3H, s), 1.23 (3H, s), 1.42–1.57 (2H, m), 1.83–1.91 (1H, m), 1.95–2.06 (2H, m), 2.20 (1H, t, J = 5.14), 2.43–2.51 (1H, m), 3.64 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 4.17 (1H, dd, J = 9.6, 12.2 Hz), 4.36 (1H, dd, J = 4.9, 9.6 Hz), 4.49 (1H, d, J = 16.2 Hz), 4.68 (1H, d, J = 16.2 Hz), 7.19–7.32 (5H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 19.5, 23.5, 24.0, 27.8, 34.1, 40.6, 41.5, 41.6, 48.1, 57.1, 72.2, 127.3, 127.4, 128.9, 138.7, 155.8. Anal. Calcd for C18H23NOS (301.45): C, 71.72; H, 7.69; N, 4.65; s, 10.64%; Found: C, 71.98; H, 7.83; N, 4.39; S, 10.39%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-Phenyl-(2,10,10-trimethyl-5-thia-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undec-4-ylidene)amine (24a): Method A: 0.240 g (64%), method B: 0.252 g (67%); mp 182–186 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = –123.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 1.05 (3H, s), 1.28 (3H, s), 1.38 (1H, d, J = 12.5 Hz), 1.41 (3H,s), 1.69–1.98 (2H, m), 2.10–2.23 (2H, m), 2.42–2.53 (1H, m), 2.63 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 12.8 Hz), 2.97 (1H, dd, J = 3.9, 12.9 Hz), 5.04 (1H, br s), 6.87–7.06 (3H, m), 7.22–7.30 (2H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 24.1, 27.8, 28.2, 31.7, 33.4, 33.9, 40.3, 40.6, 55.3, 60.9, 122.7, 123.4, 129.2, 148.6, 158.4. Anal. Calcd for C18H24N2S (300.46): C, 71.95; H, 8.05; N, 9.32; S, 10.67%; Found: C, 72.19; H, 8.33; N, 9.11; S, 10.60%.
(1R,2R,7S,9R)-2,10,10-Trimethyl-5-oxa-3-azatricyclo[7.1.1.02,7]undecane-4-thione (34): Method A: 0.028 g (10%), method B: 0.023 g (8%); mp 120–123 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = +36.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.97 (1H, d, J = 11.1 Hz), 1.06 (3H, s), 1.31 (3H, s), ), 1.35 (3H, s), 1.79–1.87 (1H, m), 1.95–2.03 (2H, m), 2.14–2.42 (3H, m), 4.08 (1H, d, J = 11.0 Hz), 4.18 (1H, d, J = 10.7 Hz), 7.43 (1H, br s). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 20.9, 26.7, 27.2, 33.1, 34.1, 35.5, 39.3, 40.2, 41.2, 47.4, 55.1, 158.2. Anal. Calcd for C12H19NOS (225.35): C, 63.96; H, 8.50; N, 6.22; S, 14.23%; Found: C, 64.25; H, 8.79; N, 6.01; S, 13.88%.
(1aR,2aR,6aS,7aS)-Phenyl-(1,1,6a-trimethyloctahydro-4-thia-6-azacyclopropa[b]naphthalen-5-ylidene)amine (25a): Method A: 0.225 g (60%), method B: 0.233 g (62%); mp 157–160 °C, Molecules 19 15918 i010 = −18.0 (c 0.25, MeOH), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 0.71–0.83 (2H, m), 0.98 (3H, s), 1.07 (3H, s), 1.22 (1H, dd, J = 4.5, 15.8 Hz), 1.28 (3H, s), 1.53–1.71 (2H, m), 1.89–2.01 (2H, m), 2.65 (1H, d, J = 3.4, 12.4 Hz), 3.29 (1H, d, J = 3.5, 11.7 Hz), 7.02–7.12 (3H, m), 7.28–7.34 (2H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm) 15.6, 17.6, 18.2, 19.6, 21.8, 28.8, 28.9, 31.6, 35.4, 52.1, 123.2, 123.4, 123.9, 129.3, 155.0. Anal. Calcd for C18H24N2OS (300.46): C, 71.95; H, 8.05; N, 9.32; S,10.67%; Found: C, 72.20; H, 8.19; N, 9.02; S, 10.54%.

3.2.4. Alternative Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Thioxo-1,3-oxazines 35 and 36

The respective amino alcohol 16 or 17 (1.18 mmol) in dry toluene solution (20 mL), TEA (3.54 mmol) and thiophosgene (0.181 mL, 2.36 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. Next, the solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel; elution with n-hexane/EtOAc (4:1) gave 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazine 35 or 36.

3.2.5. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines 42 and 43

Method A: The respective thiourea (1.25 mmol) 38 or 39 in THF solution (12 mL) and CDI (0.306 g, 1.88 mmol) was heated to reflux for 3 h. Next, the solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel; elution with n-hexane/EtOAc (4:1) gave the pure 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 42 or 43.
Method B: A CEM Discover 10 mL vial containing the respective intermediates (0.63 mmol) 40 or 41 in THF solution (12 mL) was heated to reflux for 3 h. Next, the solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel; elution with n-hexane/EtOAc (4:1) gave the pure 2-imino-1,3-thiazines 42 or 43.
(Hexahydrocyclopenta[d][1,3]thiazin-2-ylidene)phenylamine (42): 0.218 g (75%); mp 180–181 °C (Lit. [33] 180–181 °C), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 1.47–1.71 (3H, m), 1.74–2.10 (3H, m), 2.52–2.66 (1H, m), 2.77 (1H, dd, J = 9.3, 12.5 Hz), 2.92 (1H, dd, J = 4.5, 12.5 Hz), 3.81–3.93 (1H, m), 6.95–7.10 (3H, m), 7.26–7.34 (2H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 24.0, 31.4, 31.7, 35.7, 39.7, 57.3, 122.5, 123.4, 129.2, 148.5, 157.6. Anal. Calcd for C13H16N2S (232.34): C, 67.20; H, 6.94; N, 12.06; S, 13.80%; Found: C, 67.47; H, 6.81; N, 12.30; S, 13.42%.
(Octahydrobenzo[d][1,3]thiazin-2-ylidene)phenylamine (43): 0.222 g (72%); mp 183–186 °C (Lit.[33] 187–188 °C), 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 1.30–1.81 (7H, m), 1.83–1.97 (1H, m), 2.05–2.15 (1H, m), 2.81 (1H, dd, J = 4.8, 12.4 Hz), 3.12 (1H, dd, J = 4.1, 12.5 Hz), 3.57–3.65 (1H, m), 6.98–7.10 (3H, m), 7.21–7.30 (2H, m). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 21.0, 24.7, 26.4, 32.2, 32.6, 34.3, 52.5, 122.8, 123.5, 129.3, 146.1, 156.4. Anal. Calcd for C14H18N2S (246.34): C, 68.25; H, 7.36; N, 11.37%; Found: C, 68.31; H, 7.51; N, 11.02%.

3.2.6. Determination of Antiproliferative Activities

Antiproliferative effects against four human cancer cell lines were determined as published recently [36]. Briefly, HeLa (cervix adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma) and A431 (skin epidermoid carcinoma; all cell lines purchased from ECACC; Salisbury, UK) cells were cultivated in minimal essential medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Budapest, Hungary) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 1% non-essential amino acids and an antibiotic-antimycotic mixture.
Near-confluent cells were seeded into a 96-well plate (5000 cells/well) and, after overnight standing, the medium (200 µL) containing the tested compound (at 10 or 30 µM) was added. Following a 72-h incubation in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C, the living cells were assayed by the addition of 20 µL of 5 mg/mL MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] solution [37]. During a 4-h contact period, the MTT was converted by intact mitochondrial reductase and precipitated as blue crystals. The medium was then removed, the precipitated formazan crystals were solubilized in DMSO (100 µL) during a 60-min period of shaking at 25 °C, and the absorbance was read at 545 nm with a microplate reader. Wells with untreated cells were utilized as controls. All in vitro experiments were carried out on two microplates with at least five parallel wells. Stock solutions of the tested substances (10 mM) were prepared with DMSO. The DMSO concentration (0.3%) of the medium did not have any significant effect on cell proliferation. Cisplatin was used as reference compound.

3.2.7. X-ray Crystallographic Studies

Crystallographic data were collected at 123 K for 31c and 31d by using a Bruker Nonius-Kappa CCD diffractometer with an APEXII area detector and graphite-monochromatized Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å), as reported earlier [38].
Crystal data for 31c: C21H25FN4O2S, Mr = 416.51, triclinic, space group P-1 (no. 2), a = 8.5831(5), b = 10.7338(6), c = 11.9244(5) Å, α = 86.414(3)°, β = 69.835(3)°, γ = 85.729(3)°, V = 1027.59(9) Å3, T = 123 K, Z = 2, μ(Mo-Kα) = 0.192 mm−1, 6132 unique reflections (Rint = 0.0211) which were used in calculations. The final R1 (for the data with F2 > 2δ(F2) was 0.0426 and wR2(F2) (all data) was 0.1034.
Crystal data for 31d: C22H28N4O3S, Mr = 428.54, monoclinic, space group C2/c (no. 15), a = 23.1162(6), b = 8.7978(3), c = 21.4232(5) Å, β =92.4232(5)°, V = 4352.8(2) Å3, T = 123 K, Z = 8, μ(Mo-Kα) 0.180 mm−1, 7979 unique reflections (Rint = 0.0279) which were used in calculations. The final R1 (for the data with F2 > 2δ(F2) was 0.0454 and wR2(F2) (all data) was 0.1063.
The structures were solved by direct methods by use of the SHELXS-97 program [39], and full-matrix, least-squares refinements on F2 were performed by use of the SHELXL-97 program [39]. The CH hydrogen atoms were included at fixed distances from their host atoms with the fixed displacement parameters. The NH hydrogen atom positions were refined with the fixed displacement parameters. In 31d, the methoxy C atom has two different orientations in a 1:1 ratio (due to packing reasons). The graphics were drawn with ORTEP3 for Windows [40]. The depositions numbered CCDC 1000179 (for 31c) and CCDC 1000178 (for 31d) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge at www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif).

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have developed a mild and efficient method for the synthesis of 2-imino-1,3-thiazines by the ring closure of thiourea adducts of 1,3-amino alcohols in the presence of CDI under microwave condition. Besides the main product 1,3-thiazines, the formation of 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazines as side-products was observed. The ring-closure process was extended to cycloalkane-based γ-hydroxythioureas and the method developed for the synthesis of 2-imino-1,3-thiazines containing an acid-sensitive structure proved to be comparable to those reported in the literature. The resulting 1,3-thiazines exert marked antiproliferative action on a panel of human cancer cell lines.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for financial support from the Hungarian Research Foundation (OTKA NK81371, K112442 and K109293) and from the European Union for cofunding by the European Social Fund (TÁMOP-4.2.2/A-11/1/KONV-2012-0035).

Author Contributions

The listed authors contributed to this work as described in the following. FF designed, planed research and interpreted the results. ZS planed research, interpreted the results and carried out of the synthetic work. IZ performed and interpreted the biological experiments. RS performed X-ray experiments. All authors discussed the results, prepared and commented on the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Szakonyi, Z.; Zupkó, I.; Sillanpää, R.; Fülöp, F. Stereoselective Synthesis and Cytoselective Toxicity of Monoterpene-Fused 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines. Molecules 2014, 19, 15918-15937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191015918

AMA Style

Szakonyi Z, Zupkó I, Sillanpää R, Fülöp F. Stereoselective Synthesis and Cytoselective Toxicity of Monoterpene-Fused 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines. Molecules. 2014; 19(10):15918-15937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191015918

Chicago/Turabian Style

Szakonyi, Zsolt, István Zupkó, Reijo Sillanpää, and Ferenc Fülöp. 2014. "Stereoselective Synthesis and Cytoselective Toxicity of Monoterpene-Fused 2-Imino-1,3-thiazines" Molecules 19, no. 10: 15918-15937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191015918

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