Bioprospecting of Marine Invertebrates for New Natural Products — A Chemical and Zoogeographical Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Trends
2.2. Taxonomical Trends
Phyla | Terpenoids | Alkaloids | Aliphatic | Steroids | Carbohydrates | Amino acids and |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | peptides (%) | |
Porifera | 30.0 | 30.9 | 12.0 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 8.1 |
Cnidaria | 65.9 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 6.1 | 0.4 |
Echinodermata | 10.5 | 10.7 | 35.8 | 14.3 | 20.7 | 0.8 |
Chordata | 23.0 | 39.4 | 16.1 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 7.9 |
Mollusca | 42.6 | 12.5 | 19.0 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 17.1 |
2.3. Zoogeographical Trends
Hemisphere | Region | Terpenoids | Alkaloids | Aliphatic | Steroids | Carbohydrates | Amino acids and peptides | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | ||
North | Polar | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Temperate | 222 | 281 | 251 | 121 | 179 | 136 | 55 | 52 | 55 | 56 | 18 | 42 | |
Tropical | 176 | 395 | 200 | 111 | 38 | 63 | 32 | 86 | 55 | 67 | 53 | 41 | |
South | Tropical | 202 | 643 | 216 | 147 | 111 | 65 | 35 | 94 | 49 | 10 | 42 | 50 |
Temperate | 36 | 42 | 48 | 31 | 35 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 6 | |
Polar | 25 | 24 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
Exclusive Economic Zone | Terpenoids (%) | Alkaloids (%) | Aliphatic (%) | Steroids (%) | Carbohydrates (%) | Amino acids and peptides (%) | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antarctica | 42.5 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 15.0 | 2.5 | 80 |
Australia | 37.5 | 33.5 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 10.9 | 248 |
Bahamas | 22.4 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 3.2 | 10.4 | 1.6 | 125 |
China | 63.3 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 14.9 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 390 |
Colombia | 46.0 | 18.4 | 19.5 | 0.0 | 16.1 | 0.0 | 87 |
Fiji | 16.7 | 36.7 | 23.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 60 |
India | 47.7 | 34.9 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 86 |
Indonesia | 33.9 | 31.8 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 10.2 | 283 |
Italy | 17.5 | 33.8 | 16.3 | 5.0 | 13.8 | 3.8 | 80 |
Japan | 33.6 | 25.7 | 20.5 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 717 |
Madagascar | 21.1 | 36.8 | 21.1 | 5.3 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 57 |
Mexico | 59.5 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.4 | 6.3 | 79 |
Micronesia | 32.4 | 29.5 | 18.1 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 105 |
New Zealand | 29.7 | 37.5 | 12.5 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 64 |
Palau | 21.3 | 31.3 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 3.8 | 10.0 | 80 |
Papua New Guinea | 39.5 | 31.5 | 12.9 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 6.5 | 124 |
Philippines | 24.2 | 18.2 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 26.3 | 99 |
Russia | 7.1 | 14.3 | 21.4 | 20.2 | 26.2 | 0.0 | 84 |
South Korea | 34.9 | 17.4 | 28.3 | 11.1 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 350 |
Taiwan | 69.6 | 6.0 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 684 |
United States | 33.3 | 30.2 | 15.9 | 9.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 63 |
Vanuatu | 18.6 | 48.8 | 4.7 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 12.8 | 86 |
3. Discussion
3.1. Chemical Trends
3.2. Taxonomical Trends
3.3. Geographical Trends
4. Experimental
Methods
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Leal, M.C.; Madeira, C.; Brandão, C.A.; Puga, J.; Calado, R. Bioprospecting of Marine Invertebrates for New Natural Products — A Chemical and Zoogeographical Perspective. Molecules 2012, 17, 9842-9854. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089842
Leal MC, Madeira C, Brandão CA, Puga J, Calado R. Bioprospecting of Marine Invertebrates for New Natural Products — A Chemical and Zoogeographical Perspective. Molecules. 2012; 17(8):9842-9854. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089842
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeal, Miguel Costa, Carolina Madeira, Cláudio Alexandre Brandão, João Puga, and Ricardo Calado. 2012. "Bioprospecting of Marine Invertebrates for New Natural Products — A Chemical and Zoogeographical Perspective" Molecules 17, no. 8: 9842-9854. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089842