Lycopene Effects on Serum Mineral Elements and Bone Strength in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Group | Initial weight (g) | Final weight (g) |
---|---|---|
Sham | 228.3 ± 21.5 | 284.2 ± 24.8 |
Untreated model (OVX) | 227.1 ± 20.6 | 320.1 ± 26.8 ** |
OVX + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.w.) | 222.3 ± 25.4 | 279.7 ± 30.1 |
OVX + lycopene (30 mg/kg b.w.) | 223.9 ± 27.1 | 280.1 ± 32.4 # |
OVX + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.w.) | 227.4 ± 22.9 | 282.3 ± 28.4 ## |
Group | Ca (mmol/L) | P (mmol/L) | ALP (U/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Sham | 2.4 ± 0.17 | 1.39 ± 0.2 | 60.53 ± 4.84 |
Untreated model (OVX) | 2.61 ± 0.19 ** | 1.61 ± 0.18 ** | 98.37 ± 6.92 ** |
OVX + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.w.) | 2.55 ± 0.22 # | 1.56 ± 0.18 | 83.4 ± 7.32 # |
OVX + lycopene (30 mg/kg b.w.) | 2.52 ± 0.21 # | 1.48 ± 0.16 # | 79.22 ± 6.83 # |
OVX + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.w.) | 2.45 ± 0.25 ## | 1.42 ± 0.19 ## | 71.33 ± 8.28 ## |
Group | Estrogen (pmol/L) | IL-6 (pg/mL) | BGP (ng/mL) | CTx (ng/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sham | 80.11 ± 7.95 | 15.73 ± 1.66 | 23.16 ± 2.68 | 60.38 ± 5.71 |
Untreated model (OVX) | 56.29 ± 6.32 ** | 74.08 ± 8.29 ** | 36.11 ± 4.57 ** | 98.04 ± 7.62 ** |
OVX + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.w.) | 65.28 ± 7.04 | 61.44 ± 7.43 # | 37.25 ± 4.92 | 88.57 ± 6.92 # |
OVX + lycopene (30 mg/kg b.w.) | 71.42 ± 8.38 ## | 47.29 ± 5.62 ## | 34.16 ± 3.72 | 81.42 ± 8.03 ## |
OVX + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.w.) | 77.28 ± 8.11 ## | 25.05 ± 3.33 ## | 29.27 ± 3.48 * | 74.33 ± 5.81 ## |
Group | BMD (g/cm2) | BMD/wt (g/cm2)/kg | BMC (g) | BMC/wt (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sham | 0.162 ± 0.013 | 0.683 ± 0.059 | 0.378 ± 0.021 | 1.52 ± 0.13 |
Untreated model (OVX) | 0.131 ± 0.011 ** | 0.538 ± 0.062 ** | 0.321 ± 0.019 * | 1.31 ± 0.11 ** |
OVX + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.w.) | 0.142 ± 0.012 | 0.582 ± 0.051 # | 0.333 ± 0.024 | 1.41 ± 0.13 # |
OVX + lycopene (30 mg/kg b.w.) | 0.153 ± 0.011 # | 0.637 ± 0.066 ## | 0.368 ± 0.027 # | 1.48 ± 0.12 # |
OVX + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.w.) | 0.159 ± 0.013 ## | 0.679 ± 0.07 ## | 0.373 ± 0.031 ## | 1.5 ± 0.12 ## |
Group | Maximum load (N) | Stiffness (N/mm) | Energy (N × mm) | Maximum stress (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sham | 112.17 ± 8.39 | 164.18 ± 19.65 | 39.16 ± 4.29 | 192.37 ± 16.07 |
Untreated model (OVX) | 102.64 ± 7.21 * | 155.73 ± 21.65 | 31.86 ± 4.01 * | 143.85 ± 11.26 ** |
OVX + lycopene (20 mg/kg b.w.) | 105.63 ± 8.29 | 158.38 ± 17.09 | 35.17 ± 4.72 | 162.07 ± 10.84 # |
OVX + lycopene (30 mg/kg b.w.) | 108.47 ± 11.32 | 160.72 ± 18.36 | 37.08 ± 5.29 | 178.49 ± 13.49 ## |
OVX + lycopene (40 mg/kg b.w.) | 111.31 ± 8.17 # | 163.25 ± 17.75 | 38.53 ± 5.22 # | 187.39 ± 13.95 ## |
3. Discussion
4. Experimental
4.1. Material
4.2. Animals and Experimental Procedures
4.3. Analysis of Serum Ca, P Concentration and Serum ALP, IL-6, Estrogen, BGP
4.4. Determination of Bone Density
4.5. Three-Point Bending Test
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- Sample Availability: Samples of lycopene is available from the authors.
Conflict of Interest
References and Notes
- Canalis, E.; Giustina, A.; Bilezikian, J.P. Mechanisms of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 905–916. [Google Scholar]
- Heaney, R.P.; Recker, R.R.; Saville, P.D. Menopausal changes in bone remodelling. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1978, 92, 964–970. [Google Scholar]
- McNamara, L.M.; Ederveen, A.G.H.; Lyons, C.G.; Price, C.; Schaffer, M.B.; Weinans, H.; Prendergast, P.J. Strength of cancellous bone trabecular tissue from normal, ovariectomized and drug-treated rats over the course of ageing. Bone 2006, 39, 392–400. [Google Scholar]
- Compston, J.E. Hormone replacement therapy. Clin. Rheumatol. 1997, 11, 583–596. [Google Scholar]
- Meiner, S.E. An expanding landscape osteoporosis: Treatment options today. Adv. Nurse Pract. 1999, 7, 26–31. [Google Scholar]
- Aubin, J.E.; Bonnelye, E. Osteoprotegerin and its ligand: A new paradigm for regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Osteoporos. Int. 2000, 11, 905–913. [Google Scholar]
- Roodman, G.D. Advances in bone biology: The osteoclast. Endocr. Rev. 1996, 17, 308–332. [Google Scholar]
- Gann, P.H.; Ma, J.; Giovannucci, E.; Willett, W.; Sacks, F.M. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: Results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 1225–1230. [Google Scholar]
- Agarwal, S.; Rao, A.V. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ 2000, 163, 739–744. [Google Scholar]
- Dimascio, P.; Kaiser, S.; Sies, H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1989, 274, 532–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yanasaki, H.; Mesnil, M.; Omori, Y.; Mironov, N.; Krutovskikh, V. Intercellular communication and carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1995, 333, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bertram, J.S.; Bortkiewicz, H. Dietary carotenoids inhibit neoplastic transformation and modulate gene expression in mouse and human cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1327–1336. [Google Scholar]
- Porrini, M.; Riso, P. Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 189–192. [Google Scholar]
- Hui, B.D.; Pei, L.P. The improvement of H2O2 induced osteoblast damage by lycopene. J. Beijing Union Univ. (Nat. Sci.) 2009, 23, 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, S.P.; Lan, G.H.; Chen, L.L. The influence of lycopene on bone quality in ovariectomized rats and the expression of NF-κB in spongy bone. Chin. J. Ost. Eoporos. 2008, 14, 724–728. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, X.-Z.; Ji, C.-J.; Chen, X.-L.; Li, L. Effect of lycopene on bone mass and biomechanics in ovariectomized rats. J. Clin. Rehabil. Tissue Eng. Res. 2008, 12, 2811–2814. [Google Scholar]
- Sahni, S.; Hannan, M.T.; Blumberg, J.; Cupples, L.A.; Kiel, D.P.; Tucker, K.L. Protective effect of total carotenoid and lycopene intake on the risk of hip fracture: A 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009, 24, 1086–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahni, S.; Hannan, M.T.; Blumberg, J.; Cupples, L.A.; Kiel, D.P.; Tucker, K.L. Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 416–424. [Google Scholar]
- Rao, L.G.; Mackinnon, E.S.; Josse, R.G.; Murray, T.M.; Strauss, A.; Rao, A.V. Lycopene consumption decreases oxidative stress and bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 2007, 18, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackinnon, E.S.; Rao, A.V.; Rao, L.G. Dietary restriction of lycopene for a period of one month resulted in significantly increased biomarkers of oxidative stress and bone resorption in postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2011, 15, 133–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackinnon, E.S.; Rao, A.V.; Josse, R.G.; Rao, L.G. Supplementation with the antioxidant lycopene significantly decreases oxidative stress parameters and the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 2011, 22, 1091–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackinnon, E.S.; El-Sohemy, A.; Rao, A.V.; Rao, L.G. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms 172T->A and 584A->G modify the association between serum concentrations of the antioxidant lycopene and bone turnover markers and oxidative stress parameters in women 25–70 years of age. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics 2010, 3, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackinnon, E.S.; Rao, A.V.; Rao, L.G. Lycopene intake by Canadian women is variable, similar among different ages, but greater than that reported for women in other countries. J. Med. Food 2009, 12, 829–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Motoie, H.; Nakamura, T.; O’uchi, N.; Nishikawa, H.; Kanoh, H.; Abe, T.; Kawashima, H. Effects of the bisphosphonate YM175 on bone mineral density, strength, structure, and turnover in ovariectomized beagles on concomitant dietary calcium restriction. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995, 10, 910–920. [Google Scholar]
- McElroy, J.F.; Wade, G.N. Short- and long-term effects of ovariectomy on food intake, body weight, carcass composition, and brown adipose tissue in rats. Physiol. Behav. 1987, 39, 361–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devlin, H.; Ferguson, M.W. Compositional changes in the rat femur following ovariectomy. Acta Anat. (Basel) 1989, 136, 38–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuid, A.N.; Ping, L.L.; Muhammad, N.; Mohamed, N.; Soelaiman, I.N. The effects of Labisia pumila var alata on bone markers and bone calcium in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 133, 538–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deyhim, F.; Garicaa, K.; Lopeza, E.; Gonzaleza, J.; Inoa, S.; Garcia, M.; Patil, B.S. Citrus juice modulates bone strength in male senescent rat model of osteoporosis. Nutrition 2006, 22, 559–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- New, S.A.; Trobins, S.P.; Campbell, M.K.; Martin, J.C.; Garton, M.J.; Bolton-Smith, C.; Grubb, D.A.; Lee, S.J.; Reid, D.M. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: Further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetables consumption and bone health? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 142–151. [Google Scholar]
- McDonald, H.M.; New, S.A.; Golden, M.H.; Campbell, M.K.; Reid, D.M. Nutritional associations with bone loss during menopausal transition: Evidence of a beneficial effects of calcium, alcohol and fruit and vegetable nutrients and of a detrimental effect of fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 155–165. [Google Scholar]
- Tylavsky, F.A.; Holliday, K.; Danish, R.; Womack, C.; Norwood, J.; Carbone, L. Fruits and vegetable intakes are an independent predictor of bone size in early pubertal children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 311–317. [Google Scholar]
- Muhlbauer, R.C.; Li, F. Effect of vegetables on bone metabolism. Nature 1999, 401, 343–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villeponteaua, B.; Cockrella, R.; Fenga, J. Nutraceutical interventions may delay aging and the age-related diseases. Exp. Gerontol. 2000, 35, 1405–1417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stevens, J.F.; Page, J.E. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: To your good health. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 1317–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Othman, A.M.; Al-Numair, K.S.; El-Desoky, G.E.; Yusuf, K.; Al Othman, Z.A.; Aboul-Soud, M.A.M.; Giesy, J.P. Protection of α-tocopherol and selenium against acute effects of malathion on liver and kidney of rats. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2011, 5, 1263–1271. [Google Scholar]
- Kasraian, L.; Tavassoli, A.; Shayegan, M.; Alavian, S.M. The prevalence and risk factor of hepatitis B and D in Shiraz blood donors. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2012, 6, 3976–3979. [Google Scholar]
- Chiba, H.; Uehara, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, X.; Masuyama, R.; Suzuki, K.; Kanazawa, K.; Ishimi, Y. Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, inhibits bone loss and decreases serum and hepatic lipids in ovariectomized mice. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 1892–1897. [Google Scholar]
- Meyer-Sabellek, W.; Sinha, P.; Kottgen, E. Alkaline phosphatase. Laboratory and clinical implications. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 1988, 429, 419–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almogren, A. Pulmonary tuberculosis associated with increased number and percentage of natural killer and B cells in the peripheral blood. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5, 2048–2052. [Google Scholar]
- Park, J.A.; Ha, S.K.; Kang, T.H.; Oh, M.S.; Cho, M.H.; Lee, S.Y.; Park, J.H.; Kim, S.Y. Protective effect of apigenin on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Life Sci. 2008, 82, 1217–1223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cummings, S.R.; Bates, D.; Black, D.M. Clinical use of bone densitometry: Scientific review. JAMA 2002, 288, 1889–1897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Withold, W. Monitoring of bone turnover biological, preanalytical and technical criteria in the assessment of biochemical markers. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1996, 34, 785–799. [Google Scholar]
- Kurasawa, K. Bone quality and biochemical markers. Clin. Calcium 2005, 15, 959–964. [Google Scholar]
- Bahlous, A.; Kalai, E.; Hadj, S.M.; Bouzid, K.; Zerelli, L. Biochemical markers of bone remodeling: Recent data of their applications in managing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Tunis. Med. 2006, 84, 751–757. [Google Scholar]
- Comelekoglu, U.; Bagis, S.; Yalin, S.; Ogenler, O.; Yildiz, A.; Sahin, N.O.; Oguz, I.; Hatungil, R. Biomechanical evaluation in osteoporosis: Ovariectomized rat model. Clin. Rheumatol. 2007, 26, 280–384. [Google Scholar]
- Wronski, T.J.; Dann, L.M.; Scott, K.S.; Cintron, M. Long-term effects of ovariectomy and aging on the rat skeleton. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1989, 45, 360–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lane, N.E.; Yao, W.; Kinney, J.H.; Modin, G.; Balooch, M.; Wronski, T.J. Both hPTH(1–34) and bFGF increase trabecular bone mass in osteopenic rats but they have different effects on trabecular bone architecture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18, 2105–2115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Liang, H.; Yu, F.; Tong, Z.; Zeng, W. Lycopene Effects on Serum Mineral Elements and Bone Strength in Rats. Molecules 2012, 17, 7093-7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067093
Liang H, Yu F, Tong Z, Zeng W. Lycopene Effects on Serum Mineral Elements and Bone Strength in Rats. Molecules. 2012; 17(6):7093-7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067093
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Haidong, Fang Yu, Zhihong Tong, and Weifeng Zeng. 2012. "Lycopene Effects on Serum Mineral Elements and Bone Strength in Rats" Molecules 17, no. 6: 7093-7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067093