Variation in Minerals, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Peel and Pulp of Different Varieties of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit from Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extract Yields, Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Content
Variety | Dry matter (%) | Extract Yield (%) | TPC (mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry weight) | TFC (mg catechin equivalent/100 g dry weight) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | |
Golden | 29.9 ± 0.6 | 18.3 ± 0.4 | 18.9 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 1354.5 ± 18.6 | 881.3 ± 12.3 | 785.5 ± 15.3 | 383.7 ± 7.2 |
Shireen | 30.7 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 0.4 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.2 | 1300.9 ± 17.5 | 781.8 ± 11.5 | 677.4 ± 13.5 | 499.7 ± 9.4 |
Shahpasand | 34.3 ± 0.7 | 21.1 ± 0.4 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 1209.3 ± 22.7 | 711.7 ± 14.9 | 599.7 ± 11.7 | 301.3 ± 7.7 |
Mean | 31.6 ± 0.6 a | 18.6 ± 0.4 b | 16.3 ± 0.4 a | 8.9 ± 0.2 b | 1288.4 ± 25.9 a | 791.6 ± 15.8 b | 687.5 ± 13.3 a | 394.9 ± 7.9 b |
2.2. Reducing Power of Peach Extract
Variety | Conc. (mg/mL) | Pulp | Peel |
---|---|---|---|
Golden | 0.0 | 0.060 ± 0.005 | 0.090 ± 0.008 |
2.5 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | |
5.0 | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.03 | |
7.5 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 1.19 ± 0.02 | |
10.0 | 1.12 ± 0.04 | 1.87 ± 0.05 | |
12.5 | 1.99 ± 0.02 | 2.77 ± 0.04 | |
Mean | 0.85 ± 0.02 a | 1.20 ± 0.07 b | |
Shireen | 0.0 | 0.040 ± 0.003 | 0.050 ± 0.004 |
2.5 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | |
5.0 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | |
7.5 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 1.10 ± 0.07 | |
10.0 | 1.09 ± 0.06 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | |
12.5 | 1.87 ± 0.05 | 2.57 ± 0.08 | |
Mean | 0.73 ± 0.01 a | 1.12 ± 0.05 b | |
Shahpasand | 0.0 | 0.030 ± 0.002 | 0.070 ± 0.009 |
2.5 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | |
5.0 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | |
7.5 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 1.17 ± 0.04 | |
10.0 | 0.99 ± 0.04 | 1.74 ± 0.05 | |
12.5 | 1.54 ± 0.03 | 2.66 ± 0.09 | |
Mean | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 1.17 ± 0.03 b |
2.3. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
2.4. Antioxidant Activity of Peach Peel and Pulp Extracts in Linoleic Acid Peroxidation System
2.5. Minerals
Mineral Contents (mg/100 g) | Variety | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shireen | Golden | Shahpasand | ||||
Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | Peel | Pulp | |
K | 1240.4 ± 24.8 | 1520.2 ± 31.5 | 1330.1 ± 26.4 | 1690.4 ± 33.1 | 1290.1 ± 23.9 | 1580.3 ± 30.2 |
Ca | 87.50 ± 1.74 | 59.70 ± 1.33 | 81.70 ± 1.57 | 49.90 ± 1.11 | 76.60 ± 1.46 | 40.80 ± 0.83 |
Mg | 92.70 ± 1.81 | 61.50 ± 1.24 | 100.9 ± 0.2 | 69.30 ± 1.39 | 85.50 ± 1.54 | 54.30 ± 1.13 |
Mn | 0.69 ± 0.2 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.1 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.02 |
Fe | 7.01 ± 0.14 | 1.62 ± 0.01 | 6.53 ± 2.7 | 1.89 ± 0.03 | 5.14 ± 1.12 | 1.59 ± 0.04 |
Zn | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
Mean | 238.14 ± 4.76 a | 273.97 ± 4.35 b | 253.41 ± 5.03 a | 302.05 ± 6.01 b | 239.78 ± 4.99 a | 279.61 ± 5.61 b |
2.6. Correlations among the Results of Different Antioxidant Assays
Variable | TPC | TFC | % inhibition | DPPH | Reducing power | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | TPC | 1 | ||||
TFC | 0.970 *** | 1 | ||||
% inhibition | 0.709 * | 0.517ns | 1 | |||
DPPH | 0.995 *** | 0.989 *** | 0.638 * | 1 | ||
Reducing power | 0.418 ns | 0.625 * | −0.343 ns | 0.503 ns | 1 | |
Pulp | TPC | 1 | ||||
TFC | 0.320 ns | 1 | ||||
% inhibition | 0.385 ns | 0.997 *** | 1 | |||
DPPH | 0.973 *** | 0.528 ns | 0.586 ns | 1 | ||
Reducing power | 0.934 *** | 0.636 * | 0.687 * | 0.991 *** | 1 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Samples
3.2. Chemicals and Reagents
3.3. Sample Preparation
3.4. Dry Matter Determination
3.5. Antioxidant Activity of Fruits
3.5.1. Extraction
3.5.2. Determination of Total Phenolics Content (TPC)
3.5.3. Determination of Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC)
3.5.4. DPPH. Scavenging Assay
3.5.5. Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Linoleic Acid System
3.5.6. Determination of Reducing Power
3.6. Minerals Composition
3.6.1. Preparation of Samples for Mineral Analysis
3.6.2. Preparation of Standards and Analysis of Samples
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
- Sample Availability: Samples of the fruit are available from the authors
Conflict of Interest
References and Notes
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Manzoor, M.; Anwar, F.; Mahmood, Z.; Rashid, U.; Ashraf, M. Variation in Minerals, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Peel and Pulp of Different Varieties of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit from Pakistan. Molecules 2012, 17, 6491-6506. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066491
Manzoor M, Anwar F, Mahmood Z, Rashid U, Ashraf M. Variation in Minerals, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Peel and Pulp of Different Varieties of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit from Pakistan. Molecules. 2012; 17(6):6491-6506. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066491
Chicago/Turabian StyleManzoor, Maleeha, Farooq Anwar, Zahed Mahmood, Umer Rashid, and Muhammad Ashraf. 2012. "Variation in Minerals, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Peel and Pulp of Different Varieties of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruit from Pakistan" Molecules 17, no. 6: 6491-6506. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17066491