Assessment of the Content of Phenolics and Antioxidant Action of Inflorescences and Leaves of Selected Species from the Genus Sorbus Sensu Stricto
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Sample No. | Plant sources | Antioxidant activity b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scientific name | Plant part tested a | DPPH EC50 | LA peroxidation (% inhibition) e | ||
(µg/mL) c | TEAA (mmol/g) d | ||||
1. | Sorbus aucuparia L. | I | 16.69 ± 0.26 A, B | 0.78 | 68.34 ± 0.59 A |
2. | Sorbus aucuparia L. | L | 24.10 ± 0.29 C | 0.54 | 58.69 ± 0.46 B, C |
3. | Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. | I | 17.89 ± 0.55 B, D | 0.73 | 68.69 ± 1.24 A |
4. | Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. | L | 43.86 ± 1.51 E | 0.30 | 50.21 ± 0.96 D |
5. | Sorbus scalaris Koehne | I | 27.65 ± 1.09 F | 0.47 | 55.23 ± 1.46 E |
6. | Sorbus scalaris Koehne | L | 57.86 ± 1.63 G | 0.23 | 41.70 ± 1.05 F |
7. | Sorbus prattii Koehne var. prattii | L | 24.26 ± 0.45 C | 0.54 | 57.51 ± 0.87 B |
8. | Sorbus americana Marsh. | L | 38.76 ± 0.84 H | 0.34 | 54.29 ± 0.85 E |
9. | Sorbus commixta Hedl. | I | 23.22 ± 0.33 C | 0.56 | 78.21 ± 1.61 G |
10. | Sorbus commixta Hedl. | L | 28.56 ± 0.64 F | 0.46 | 58.65 ± 1.28 B, C |
11. | Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid. | I | 16.20 ± 0.27 A | 0.81 | 70.99 ± 1.39 H |
12. | Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid. | L | 27.21 ± 0.72 F | 0.48 | 59.99 ± 0.97 C |
13. | Sorbus wilfordii Koehne | L | 15.23 ± 0.54 A | 0.86 | 86.92 ± 1.15 I |
14. | Sorbus sambucifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Roem. | I | 28.03 ± 0.80 F | 0.47 | 58.12 ± 1.50 B, C |
15. | Sorbus sambucifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Roem. | L | 52.63 ± 1.25 I | 0.25 | 54.03 ± 1.05 E |
16. | Sorbus gracilis (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch | I | 19.09 ± 0.69 D, J | 0.68 | 73.01 ± 1.09 J |
17. | Sorbus gracilis (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch | L | 20.71 ± 0.66 J | 0.63 | 70.72 ± 1.00 H |
18. | Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. | I | 20.75 ± 0.40 J | 0.63 | 68.26 ± 0.78 A |
19. | Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. | L | 54.23 ± 1.08 K | 0.24 | 53.13 ± 0.86 E |
20. | Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl. | L | 48.59 ± 1.05 L | 0.27 | 53.59 ± 0.78 E |
21. | Sorbus koehneana C.K. Schneid. | I | 16.20 ± 0.52 A | 0.81 | 73.34 ± 1.07 J |
22. | Sorbus koehneana C.K. Schneid. | L | 24.74 ± 0.34 C | 0.53 | 54.15 ± 0.94 E |
23. | Sorbus pogonopetala Koehne | L | 19.87 ± 0.48 J | 0.66 | 74.73 ± 1.13 J |
24. | Sorbus setschwanensis (C.K. Schneid.) Koehne | L | 23.30 ± 0.56 C | 0.56 | 63.77 ± 0.70 K |
Quercetin | 1.44 ± 0.05 | 88.38 ± 1.15 | |||
Trolox | 3.27 ± 0.10 | 92.74 ± 1.10 |
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phenolic profile of the analysed Sorbus tissues
Sample | No. | Total phenols (GAE, %) b | Caffeoylquinic acids c (%) | Proanthocyanidins (CyE, %) d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NChA | ChA | ||||
CL1: | 1. | 10.02 ± 0.22 A | 0.74 ± 0.01 A | 2.27 ± 0.01 A | 5.94 ± 0.12 A |
3. | 11.32 ± 0.03 B | 0.70 ± 0.01 B | 2.48 ± 0.02 B, C | 7.67 ± 0.05 B | |
17. | 10.72 ± 0.16 C | 0.03 ± 0.01 C | 0.93 ± 0.01 D, E | 6.56 ± 0.07 C | |
18. | 10.08 ± 0.11 A, D | 0.45 ± 0.02 D | 3.13 ± 0.06 F | 7.14 ± 0.11 D | |
11. | 11.67 ± 0.16 E | 1.26 ± 0.02 E | 3.85 ± 0.06 G | 6.40 ± 0.12 C | |
21. | 11.67 ± 0.05 E | 1.98 ± 0.01 F | 2.05 ± 0.02 H | 6.86 ± 0.12 E | |
16. | 11.06 ± 0.16 F | 0.19 ± 0.01 G | 3.31 ± 0.03 I | 6.54 ± 0.16 C | |
23. | 10.90 ± 0.26 C, F | 0.22 ± 0.01 H | 1.63 ± 0.02 J | 5.89 ± 0.04 A | |
9. | 9.29 ± 0.14 G | 0.76 ± 0.01 A | 3.92 ± 0.02 G | 5.98 ± 0.21 A | |
13. | 12.31 ± 0.32 H | 0.13 ± 0.01 I | 2.58 ± 0.02 B | 5.31 ± 0.04 F | |
CL2: | 2. | 8.23 ± 0.06 I, J | 0.51 ± 0.01 J | 1.90 ± 0.08 K | 3.59 ± 0.09 G, H |
7. | 8.44 ± 0.08 J | 1.10 ± 0.04 K | 2.81 ± 0.09 L | 2.90 ± 0.06 I | |
10. | 8.08 ± 0.25 I | 0.05 ± 0.01 C | 0.79 ± 0.01 E, M | 3.58 ± 0.09 G, H | |
12. | 8.10 ± 0.09 I | 0.19 ± 0.01 G | 2.10 ± 0.01 H | 4.03 ± 0.09 J | |
14. | 8.22 ± 0.40 I, J | 0.42 ± 0.01 L | 4.17 ± 0.12 N | 3.79 ± 0.16 H, K | |
5. | 8.47 ± 0.21 J | 0.60 ± 0.01 M | 2.36 ± 0.02 A, C | 5.68 ± 0.10 L, M | |
22. | 9.87 ± 0.11 A | 0.53 ± 0.01 J | 1.97 ± 0.02 H, K | 5.81 ± 0.09 A, M | |
24. | 10.18 ± 0.17 D | 0.22 ± 0.01 H | 2.61 ± 0.02 B | 5.56 ± 0.08 L | |
CL3: | 4. | 6.26 ± 0.19 K | 0.12 ± 0.01 I, O | 0.67 ± 0.01 M, O | 3.93 ± 0.03 J, K |
20. | 5.78 ± 0.12 L | 0.37 ± 0.01 N | 1.25 ± 0.01 P | 4.02 ± 0.05 J | |
8. | 6.47 ± 0.09 K | 0.04 ± 0.01 C | 1.85 ± 0.01 K | 3.66 ± 0.09 G | |
6. | 4.23 ± 0.15 M | 0.36 ± 0.01 N | 1.24 ± 0.01 P | 1.47 ± 0.04 N | |
15. | 5.07 ± 0.02 N | 0.10 ± 0.02 O | 1.02 ± 0.01 D | 1.96 ± 0.09 O | |
19. | 4.89 ± 0.07 N | 0.05 ± 0.01 C | 0.56 ± 0.01 O | 1.48 ± 0.05 N |
Sample | No. | Flavonoid aglycones d (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
QU | KA | SX | ||
CL1: | 1. | 1.048 ± 0.034 A | 0.084 ± 0.002 A | 0.190 ± 0.002 A |
3. | 0.400 ± 0.014 B | 0.039 ± 0.001 B | 0.017 ± 0.001 B | |
17. | 0.113 ± 0.001 C | 0.008 ± 0.001 C | nd | |
18. | 0.384 ± 0.028 B, K | 0.021 ± 0.001 D | 0.048 ± 0.001 C | |
11. | 0.839 ± 0.008 D, E | 0.059 ± 0.001 E, F | 0.070 ± 0.002 D | |
21. | 0.266 ± 0.014 F | 0.024 ± 0.003 D | 0.050 ± 0.005 C | |
16. | 0.194 ± 0.006 G, H | 0.012 ± 0.001 C | 0.072 ± 0.003 D | |
23. | 0.382 ± 0.023 B, K | 0.263 ± 0.006 G | nd | |
9. | 0.422 ± 0.008 B, J | 0.050 ± 0.003 F | 0.045 ± 0.003 C | |
13. | 0.878 ± 0.015 E, I | 0.046 ± 0.001 B, F | nd | |
CL2: | 2. | 0.903 ± 0.003 I | 0.157 ± 0.005 H | nd |
7. | 0.790 ± 0.020 D | 0.117 ± 0.001 I, J | nd | |
10. | 0.470 ± 0.004 J | 0.011 ± 0.001 C | nd | |
12. | 0.474 ± 0.012 J | 0.035 ± 0.001 B | nd | |
14. | 0.805 ± 0.017 D | 0.058 ± 0.001 E, F | 0.127 ± 0.003 E | |
5. | 0.341 ± 0.005 K | 0.062 ± 0.001 E | 0.145 ± 0.002 F | |
22. | 0.247 ± 0.007 F, G | 0.106 ± 0.002 K | nd | |
24. | 0.566 ± 0.031 L | 0.306 ± 0.007 L | nd | |
CL3: | 4. | 0.123 ± 0.004 C, H | 0.030 ± 0.001 B, D | nd |
20. | 0.525 ± 0.006 L | 0.113 ± 0.002 J, K | nd | |
8. | 0.460 ± 0.019 J | 0.039 ± 0.001 B | nd | |
6. | 0.217 ± 0.009 G | 0.125 ± 0.009 I | nd | |
15. | 0.163 ± 0.006 C, H | 0.011 ± 0.001 C | nd | |
19. | 0.270 ± 0.012 F | 0.023 ± 0.001 D | nd |
2.2. Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Sorbus tissues
r (R2) | DPPH EC50 (µg/mL) c | LA peroxidation (% inhibition) c |
---|---|---|
TPC (GAE, %) a | -0.9535 (0.9092)* | 0.8664 (0.7506)* |
TPh (%)b | -0.8525 (0.7267)* | 0.7377 (0.5442)* |
Proanthocyanidins (CyE, %) | -0.8007 (0.6411)* | 0.7456 (0.5559)* |
Caffeoylquinic acids (ChA+NChA, %) | -0.6238 (0.3891)** | 0.4998 (0.2498)*** |
Flavonoid aglycones (%) | -0.4248 (0.1804)*** | 0.2297 (0.0528) |
2.3. Relationships among the estimates of antioxidant capacities obtained from the DPPH and LA-peroxidation assays, and phenolic contents
2.4. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the Sorbus samples
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant material
Scientific name | Voucher specimen no. | Scientific name | Voucher specimen no. |
---|---|---|---|
Sorbus aucuparia L. | KFG/HB/07001-SAUC | Sorbus sambucifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Roem. | KFG/HB/08008-SSAM |
Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. | KFG/HB/07002-SPOH | ||
Sorbus scalaris Koehne | KFG/HB/08005-SSCA | Sorbus gracilis (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch | KFG/HB/07006-SGRA |
Sorbus prattii Koehne var. prattii | KFG/HB/08006-SPRA | Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. | KFG/HB/08009-SSIT |
Sorbus americana Marsh. | KFG/HB/07003-SAME | Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl. | KFG/HB/07007-SCAS |
Sorbus commixta Hedl. | KFG/HB/07004-SCOM | Sorbus koehneana C.K. Schneid. | KFG/HB/07008-SKOE |
Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid. | KFG/HB/08007-SDEC | Sorbus pogonopetala Koehne | KFG/HB/07009-SPOG |
Sorbus wilfordii Koehne | KFG/HB/07005-SWIL | Sorbus setschwanensis (C.K. Schneid.) Koehne | KFG/HB/08010-SSET |
3.2. Chemicals and instrumentation
3.3. Preparation of plant extracts for testing antioxidant activity and phenolic profile
3.4. DPPH free radical-scavenging test
3.5. Linoleic acid (LA) peroxidation test
3.6. Determination of total phenolic content
3.7. Determination of total proanthocyanidin content
3.8. Total flavonoid content
3.9. The content of chlorogenic acid isomers
3.10. Statistical analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
- Sample Availability: Plant samples are available from the authors.
References and Notes
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Olszewska, M.A.; Nowak, S.; Michel, P.; Banaszczak, P.; Kicel, A. Assessment of the Content of Phenolics and Antioxidant Action of Inflorescences and Leaves of Selected Species from the Genus Sorbus Sensu Stricto. Molecules 2010, 15, 8769-8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15128769
Olszewska MA, Nowak S, Michel P, Banaszczak P, Kicel A. Assessment of the Content of Phenolics and Antioxidant Action of Inflorescences and Leaves of Selected Species from the Genus Sorbus Sensu Stricto. Molecules. 2010; 15(12):8769-8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15128769
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlszewska, Monika A., Sławomira Nowak, Piotr Michel, Piotr Banaszczak, and Agnieszka Kicel. 2010. "Assessment of the Content of Phenolics and Antioxidant Action of Inflorescences and Leaves of Selected Species from the Genus Sorbus Sensu Stricto" Molecules 15, no. 12: 8769-8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15128769