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Article

Unusual Reactivity Patterns of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.13,8]-dodecane (TATD) Towards Some Reducing Agents: Synthesis of TMEDA

by
Augusto Rivera
* and
Jaime Rios-Motta
Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2007, 12(7), 1471-1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/12071471
Submission received: 10 May 2007 / Revised: 29 June 2007 / Accepted: 29 June 2007 / Published: 19 July 2007
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Abstract

:
N,N,N´,N´-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) can be synthesized by simple reduction of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.1.3,8]dodecane (TATD), an aminal cage type amine, with formic acid. The aminal can be converted to TMEDA in high yield very easily and in a very short time. We comment on the scope and limitations of the reduction of this aminal and propose a possible reaction mechanism.

Introduction

Syntheses of symmetrical and unsymmetrical N,N´-tetrasubstituted 1,2-diamines are well known. By comparison, syntheses of trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted 1,2-diamines involving the reduction of aminals are much less well documented. Most of the methods found in literature involve the use of sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride as reducing agents [1]. Despite the existence of these varied reduction methodologies and contrary to other chemical functions, none of the previously presented reduction methods can be considered general since some aminals are inactive under certain or all conditions [2]. For instance, reduction of (–)-2-phenyl-1,3-dibenzyloctahydrobenzoimidazole (1) with sodium boronhydride generates the triamine 2,2(–)-(R,R)-N,N,N´-tribenzyl-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane (2) in 79% yield [1], but the analogous reaction of 2-phenyl-1,3-bis[(4’-aza-5’-phenyl)-pent-4’-enyl]-1,3-imidazolidine (3) with excess sodium boronhydride, chemoselectively generates 2-phenyl-1,3-bis[4’-aza-5’-(phenyl)-pentyl]-1,3-imidazolidine (4) in 98% yield, without any evidence of reduction of the 1,3-imidazolidine ring [3]. In some cases, cyclic aminal reduction depends on the substitution pattern of the imidazolidine nucleus. Thus, Salerno et al., have shown that N-aryl or C2-aryl-imidazoline nucleus cleavage occurs when a carbocation-iminium ion intermediate, stabilized through available electrons on nitrogen or on C2 substituent, can be formed [4]. However, Alexakis and Andrey have reported [5] a synthesis of N-alkyl-2,2-bipyrrolidine in excellent yield from reduction of C2-alkyl substituted imidazolidines with sodium borohydride, which exhibited a different scenario where a carbocation-iminium ion intermediate could be unstable. Molecules 12 01471 i001
We have recently become interested in the reduction of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.1.3,8]dodecane (TATD, 5). We initially chose to study the simple reduction of the aminal with sodium borohydride. The efficacy of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent in organic synthesis is apparent in the extant chemical literature [6]. However, simple addition of the aminal to a stirred solution of sodium borohydride in absolute ethanol gave no reduction product after 12 h and TATD was recovered in 99% yield. As an alternative approach, we reasoned that a better transformation might be achieved using lithium aluminum hydride, but treatment of TATD with an excess of this reducing agent followed by hydrolysis afforded only the starting aminal. Next we choose hydrogenation with Pd as a catalyst in MeOH or Raney/Ni in EtOH, but these were also found to not be good methods for the reduction of 5, and the reduction of TATD was only achieved when formic acid was used, and the reduction product isolated in good yield was the diamine N,N,N´,N´-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (TMEDA, 6) (Scheme 1).
Molecules 12 01471 g001 550
Scheme 1. Reduction of TATD with formic acid.
Scheme 1. Reduction of TATD with formic acid.
Molecules 12 01471 g001
We specially noticed the preferential formation of the N,N,N´,N´-tetrasubstituted diamine, in contrast with the formation of other feasible products such as N,N,N´-trisubstituted ethylenediamines or N,N´-disubstituted ethylenediamines. The formation of 6 was confirmed by comparison of its spectroscopic data and physical contrasts with commercial samples of TMEDA (6). This diamine is a versatile bidentate ligand and a chelating Lewis base [7]. Many of these complexes have shown catalytic activity in oxidative coupling reactions [8], olefin polymerizations [9], oxidative carbonylation of phenol to produce diphenyl carbonate (DPC) [10], and alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions [11]. In the same way, TMEDA has been used as an initiator of anionic polymerization in the synthesis of high vinyl copolymers containing styrene and butadiene [12], lithiation by alkyl-Li/TMEDA [13], reductive ring opening of many oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-containing heterocycles [14], synthesis of asymmetric hydroborating reagents [15] and diastereoselective dihydroxylation of olefins [16]. Although some methods for obtaining 6 are known [17], many of them suffer from limitations of starting material availability.

Results and Discussion

In the current study, all attempts to reduce TATD (5) using NaBH4, AlLiH4 or catalytic hydrogenation failed to yield any reaction product. We rationalized these results on the basis of the proposed mechanism for these reactions, which involves the formation of a complex between the aminal and hydride reagents, with subsequent transference of a hydride ion to an iminium ion [2]. The metallic complex formation between the aminal and the metallic compound is based in the formation of stable structures from a variety of complex hydrides [18]. A weak metal-nitrogen bond is probably responsible for the exceptional resistence of 5 towards reduction. This is due to the fact that a highly reactive aminal metal complex is required to break the non activated CH2-nitrogen bond.
The inability of 5 to form the active species is understandable on the basis of a low nucleophilicity of nitrogen atoms in this aminal cage, evidenced by the conspicuous absence of reported metallic adducts of this macrocyclic aminal in the literature, as far as we know. In contrast, other cage type aminals, similar to urotropine (7), not only form complexes with metals [19] but also other products such as hexamethylenetetramine-N-oxide [20] and N-alkyltropinium [21]. In fact, a (CH2)6N4BH3 monoadduct has previously been isolated from direct combination of diborane and hexamine in benzene [22]. Also, higher hexamethylenetetramine-multiple borane adducts have been obtained by treatment of a chloroform solution of (CH2)6N4 with polyboranes [23]. These facts indicate that, compared with 7, in 5 the nucleophilic character of the four equivalent tertiary nitrogens is probably diminished and this must be the result of a difference in the pyramidal character of nitrogen. Our recent X-ray studies of adducts formed between hydroquinone and 5, 7 and 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo-[4.3.1.13,8]undecane (TATU, 8) showed that 5 presents the weakest hydrogen bond [24]. Besides, it was determined that the bond distance depended on the sp3 character of the nitrogen lone pair, measured as the sum of bonding angles around nitrogens, and that of these adamanzanes TATD presented the lowest sp3 character, diminishing basicity of the macrocyclical aminal [24]. Molecules 12 01471 i002
On the other hand, despite the chemical inertness seen in 5 in the presence of metallic hydrides, treatment of TATD with an excess of formic acid under Leuckart-Wallach conditions effects reduction of the aminal, and TMEDA was primarily obtained. The use of an excess in formic acid was necessary, probably to increase the reactivity of 5.
Although a definitive mechanism for a Leuckart-Wallach type reduction has not been reported, two mechanistically distinct reaction pathways are widely recognized, involving the use of formate ester or formiate anion as hydride transfer reagent [25,26,27]. Thus, the first mechanistic pathway for this conversion probably involves formation of α-aminoalcohol 9, which subsequently undergoes condensation with formic acid to give 10. This process is repeated four times to give a tetraformate 11, which then undergoes reductive elimination of carbon dioxide to produce 6 (Scheme 2).
Molecules 12 01471 g002 550
Scheme 2. Possible non-ionic pathway.
Scheme 2. Possible non-ionic pathway.
Molecules 12 01471 g002
According to the proposed mechanism, formation of 6 could be expected to have occurred by direct reaction between ethylenediamine, formaldehyde and formic acid, whereupon the formation of intermediates type α-aminoesters must be facilitated. In fact, evidence for the presence of 5 and methylolamine intermediates, such as 9, has been previously provided by NMR spectra of an ethylenediamine/formaldehyde mixture [28]. In order to test this prediction, we decided to use ethylenediamine and formaldehyde as starting materials. To our initial surprise, when we mixed these reagents with formic acid, at the same temperature and for the same time reported for 5 only the starting materials were observed in the crude reaction mixtures. This result is in accordance with the observed direct alkylation to form symmetrically tetrasubsituted diamines using formaldehyde and formic acid, the so called Eschweiler–Clarke methylation [25]. Thus, our experiment suggested that, not only is the formation of 6 due to the direct reduction of TATD (5) but also the absence of a crypto radical type mechanism.
Although a more in depth study of the reaction mechanism is required, most of the above experiments provide evidence that the alternative ionic mechanism is more probable. An ionic mechanism of this transformation may be considered to involve initial protonation of 5 with formic acid to generate 5-H+. This intermediate could then experience a ring opening process to produce 3-methylene-1,6,8-triaza-3-azoniabicyclo-[4.4.1]undecane (12), with both species being in equilibrium. The formiate anion can react with either the protonated aminal 5-H+ or the carbocation-iminium ion 12 to give 3-methyl-1,3,6,8-triazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecane (13, Scheme 3). The presence of an excess of formic acid suggests that both ionic species can be present in the reaction mixture. However, although it is known that the formation of open species is favoured in the ring-chain tautomeric equilibrium of aminals under acid conditions [29,30], the lifetime of aliphatic iminium ions in an aqueous solution is quite short [31].
Molecules 12 01471 g003 550
Scheme 3. Proposed mechanism for the formation of 6.
Scheme 3. Proposed mechanism for the formation of 6.
Molecules 12 01471 g003
To resolve this mechanistic puzzle, theoretical calculations using the Gaussian 98 computational package [32] were performed for these tautomeric forms. Their structures were optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level of theory and a 6-31G(d) basis set. The results suggested that formiate anions react with 5-H+, which is more stable than 12 (ΔΕ 15.83 kcal mol-1). Thus, the protonated form of 5 undergoes the hydride ion migration from the formiate anion to give 13. This structure is in full agreement with some products obtained for the TATD (5), such as 3,8-di(2-aryl-1-azenyl)-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes 15 [33]. In the next steps, the reaction of 13 with three molar equivalents of formic acid leads to 6 (Scheme 3). The preferential alkylation in the ring opening of intermediate 13 to form 6 could be explained by assuming that 13 undergoes ring opening reaction to yield 14 instead of 16 or 17, due to he presence of the additional stability of seven members (14) rather than a ten member cyclic system (i.e. 16 and 17). Molecules 12 01471 i003

Conclusions

In summary, we have found a novel synthetic approach for the synthesis of TMEDA. We have demonstrated that the reduction mechanism with formic acid does not follow a crypto-radical pathway, and proposed a mechanism involving a protonated aminal. This method is efficient, time-saving and uses a simple aminal cage as the starting product. Additionally, we offered an explanation to chemical inertia of TATD toward NaBH4, LiAlH4 and catalytic hydrogenation.

Experimental

General

1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane (TATD, 5) was prepared following the procedure described in literature [34]; formic acid was purchased from Merck and used as received. Melting points were determined on an Electrothermal apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra were measured as KBr pellets at 292 K on a Perkin-Elmer Paragon FT-IR instrument. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian XL 300 spectrometer with standard pulse sequences, operating at 299.993 MHz for 1H and at 75.489 MHz for 13C, respectively. The solvent used was D2O. EIMS were run on a Shimadzu 9020 mass spectrometer at 70 eV. Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen analysis were performed on a Carlo Erba 1106 elemental analyzer.

Reduction of TATD with formic acid

A solution of 5 (1g, 5.95 mmol) in 98% formic acid (10 mL) was refluxed with constant agitation for 10 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by CCD (silica gel, 40:10 EtOH-NH4OH). The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down and then treated with a solution of 10 % hydrochloric acid (200 mL). The aqueous solution was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The residue (142 g) was redissolved in H2O (200 mL) and made alkaline (pH = 12) with a 25% NaOH solution, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The distillate was then treated with an excess of hydrochloride acid; after ethanol addition, the hydrochloride precipitated as a colorless crystalline solid with a yield of 70%; m.p. 275 oC; IR νmax: 2982, 2623-2457, 1342 cm-1; 1H-NMR δ: 3.06 (s, 12 H, Me-N), 3.74 (s, 4H, N,CH2-CH2-); MS m/z (20 eV) 116 (M+, 10), 58 (100); Anal. Calcd for C6H18N2Cl2: C, 38.10; H, 9.59; N, 14.82; Cl, 37.49. Found: C, 38.08; H, 9.56; N, 14.88; Cl, 37.48.

Acknowledgments

This research work was possible thanks to the support granted by the División de Investigación de Bogotá (DIB) and the Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of compound 6 are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rivera, A.; Rios-Motta, J. Unusual Reactivity Patterns of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.13,8]-dodecane (TATD) Towards Some Reducing Agents: Synthesis of TMEDA. Molecules 2007, 12, 1471-1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/12071471

AMA Style

Rivera A, Rios-Motta J. Unusual Reactivity Patterns of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.13,8]-dodecane (TATD) Towards Some Reducing Agents: Synthesis of TMEDA. Molecules. 2007; 12(7):1471-1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/12071471

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rivera, Augusto, and Jaime Rios-Motta. 2007. "Unusual Reactivity Patterns of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.13,8]-dodecane (TATD) Towards Some Reducing Agents: Synthesis of TMEDA" Molecules 12, no. 7: 1471-1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/12071471

APA Style

Rivera, A., & Rios-Motta, J. (2007). Unusual Reactivity Patterns of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazatricyclo-[4.4.1.13,8]-dodecane (TATD) Towards Some Reducing Agents: Synthesis of TMEDA. Molecules, 12(7), 1471-1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/12071471

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