Influencing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Ismate Violet 2R Dye from Wastewater: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Purification and Functionalization of MWCNTs
2.3. Dye Solution Preparation
2.4. Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Characterization of MWCNTs
2.6. Adsorption Isotherm Study
2.6.1. Isotherm Experiment
2.6.2. Theoretical Background of Isotherm Models
The Freundlich Model
The Langmuir Model
The Henderson and Halsey Isotherm Models
The Harkins–Jura Model
The Smith Model
The Tempkin Model
2.6.3. Error Functions Test
Average Percentage Error (ABE)
Nonlinear Chi-Square Test (χ2)
Sum of Absolute Errors (EABS)
2.7. Adsorption Kinetics
2.7.1. Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics Model
2.7.2. Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics Model
2.7.3. The Intraparticle Diffusion Model
2.8. Adsorption Thermodynamics
2.9. Application on Real Wastewater
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the MWCNTs
3.1.1. FT-IR Analysis
3.1.2. BET Surface Analysis
3.1.3. SEM Examination
3.1.4. XRD Measurement Analysis
3.1.5. Raman Characterization
3.2. Adsorption Experiments
3.2.1. Influence of pH
3.2.2. Influence of Adsorbent Dose
3.2.3. Influence of Contact Time
3.2.4. Influence of the Initial Dye Concentration
3.2.5. Influence of Temperature
3.3. Isothermal Analysis
3.3.1. Freundlich Isotherm
3.3.2. Langmuir Isotherm
3.3.3. Halsey and Henderson Isotherm
3.3.4. Harkins–Jura Isotherm
3.3.5. Smith Isotherm
3.3.6. Tempkin Isotherm
3.3.7. Error Function Examination for the Best and Most Appropriate Isotherm Model
3.4. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4.1. Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics Model
3.4.2. Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics Model
3.4.3. The Intraparticle Diffusion Equation
3.5. Adsorption Thermodynamics
3.6. Regeneration and Reusability Study
3.7. Applicability on Actual Wastewater
3.8. Comparative Studies of the Sorption Capacity of MWCNTs
3.9. Future Research Perspectives and Hallenges
- (a)
- Improving CNT filters, films, and sheets for real industrial wastewater purification on an experimental scale.
- (b)
- Creating purified and functionalized compounds of CNT in commercial amounts with little environmental impact at a reasonable price.
- (c)
- Producing CNTs with comparable adsorption capabilities through various techniques such as laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, and arc discharge processes.
- (d)
- Predicting the adsorption mechanism and dye elimination capability from real industrial wastewater under a range of operating conditions in batch and column processes, as well as on a larger scale.
- (e)
- Examining the toxicity of CNTs to the environment.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Value |
---|---|
Dye name | ISMATE violate 2R |
Wavelength (λ max) | 550 nm |
Mol. wt. | 700 |
Molecular formula | C22H14N4O11S3CuCl |
C.I. name | IV2R |
Molecular structure |
Isotherm Model | Isotherm Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Freundlich | 1/n | 13.77 |
KF (mg1−1/nL1/ng−1) | 0.608 | |
R2 | 0.989 | |
Langmuir | Qmax (mg g−1) | 76.92 |
b | 1.42 | |
R2 | 0.99 | |
Harkins–Jura | AHJ | 1.31 |
BHJ | 1.73 | |
R2 | 0.858 | |
Halsey | 1/nH | 0.6089 |
KH | 2.714 | |
R2 | 0.989 | |
Henderson | 1/nh | 1.688 |
Kh | 0.014 | |
R2 | 0.988 | |
Smith | Wbs | 1.138 |
Ws | 19.46 | |
R2 | 0.964 | |
Tempkin | AT | 95.58 |
BT | 1.59 | |
bT | 1558.2 | |
R2 | 0.965 |
Isotherm Model | APE% | χ2 | EABS |
---|---|---|---|
Freundlich | 0.031 | 0 | 0.034 |
Langmuir | 2.079 | 0.326 | 2.236 |
Harkins–Jura | 85.602 | 551.664 | 92.065 |
Halsey | 12.38 | 11.539 | 13.315 |
Henderson | 0.022 | 0 | 0.024 |
Smith | 0.004 | 0 | 0.004 |
Tempkin | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 |
Kinetic Models | Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|
First-order | qe (calc.) (mg g−1) | 29.3 |
k1 × 103 (min−1) | 6.6787 | |
R2 | 0.0797 | |
Second-order | qe (calc.) (mg g−1) | 1.066 |
k2 × 103 (mg g−1 min−1) | 9300.677 | |
R2 | 0.9993 | |
Intraparticle diffusion | Kdif (mg g−1 min−0.5) | 13.434 |
C cal (mg g−1) | 0.862 | |
R2 | 0.867 |
Temperature (°C) | ∆G° (kJ mol−1) | ∆H° (kJ mol−1) | ΔS° (J mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|
25 | −7.87669 | 21.877 | −98.76 |
35 | −7.94698 | ||
45 | −9.763 | ||
55 | −10.5637 |
Parameters | Before Treatment | After Treatment | Standards for Cotton Textile Industries [66] |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 9.5 | 2–6 | 5.5–9.0 |
TSS (mg L−1) | 2050 | 110 | 100 |
TDS (mg L−1) | 3240 | 652 | 500 |
CNTs | Dye Adsorbed | qe (mg g−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
MWCNTs | Sufranine O | 43.48 | [65] |
MWCNTs | Methylene blue | 35.4 | [67] |
Oxidize MWCNTs | Bromothymol blue | 55 | [25] |
SWCNT–COOH | Basic red 46 | 45.33 | [1] |
MWCNTs | methylene blue | 64.7 | [67] |
MWNTs | Orange II | 66.12 | [68] |
SWCNT | Basic red 46 | 38.35 | [69] |
MWNTs | Reactive blue | 335.7 | [19] |
MWNTs | Alizarin red S | 161.290 | [70] |
MWCNTs | Reactive blue 4 | 502.5 | [19] |
MWNTs | Methyl orange | 52.86 | [17] |
CNTs/activated carbon fiber | Basic violet 10 | 220 | [71] |
MWCNTs/Fe3C | Direct Red 23 | 172 | [72] |
Chitosan/Fe2O3/MWCNTs | Methyl orange | 66.90 | [21] |
MWCNTs/Fe2O3 | Methylene blue | 42.3 | [73] |
MWCNT | 76.9 | Present study |
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Abualnaja, K.M.; Alprol, A.E.; Ashour, M.; Mansour, A.T. Influencing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Ismate Violet 2R Dye from Wastewater: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114786
Abualnaja KM, Alprol AE, Ashour M, Mansour AT. Influencing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Ismate Violet 2R Dye from Wastewater: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114786
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbualnaja, Khamael M., Ahmed E. Alprol, Mohamed Ashour, and Abdallah Tageldein Mansour. 2021. "Influencing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Removal of Ismate Violet 2R Dye from Wastewater: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114786