Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process

Duan, Ting-Ting; Büriechin, Sahanaa; Lao, Hai-Ling; Liu, Fu-Hu; Olimov, Khusniddin K.

doi:10.3390/e28040470

Open AccessArticle

Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process

by

Ting-Ting Duan

^1,2

,

Sahanaa Büriechin

^1,2,

Hai-Ling Lao

³,

Fu-Hu Liu

^1,2,*

and

Khusniddin K. Olimov

^4,5,*

¹

State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

²

Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

³

Department of Science Teaching, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China

⁴

Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physical-Technical Institute of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Chingiz Aytmatov Str. 2b, Tashkent 100084, Uzbekistan

⁵

Department of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology MISIS (NUST MISIS), Almalyk Branch, Almalyk 110105, Uzbekistan

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Entropy 2026, 28(4), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040470

Submission received: 9 March 2026 / Revised: 16 April 2026 / Accepted: 17 April 2026 / Published: 20 April 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in High-Energy Physics: A Nonadditive Entropic Perspective)

Download

Browse Figures

Versions Notes

Abstract

Utilizing a partitioning method based on equal (or unequal) probabilities—without incorporating the alpha-cluster (α-cluster) model—allows for the derivation of diverse topological configurations of nuclear fragments resulting from fragmentation. Subsequently, we predict the multiplicity distribution of nuclear fragments for specific excited nuclei, such as

{}^{9}{Be}^{*}

,

{}^{12}C^{*}

, and

{}^{16}O^{*}

, which can be formed as nuclear remnants in electron–nucleus (

e A

) collisions at high energy. Based on the

α

-cluster model, an

α

-cluster structure may result in deviations in the multiplicity distributions of nuclear fragments with charge

Z = 2

, compared to those predicted by the partitioning methods. Furthermore, in the framework of Tsallis statistics, the nonextensive generalized temperature, entropy index, and q-entropy are obtained from the multiplicity distribution of nuclear fragments with a given charge number. Our work shows that fragmentation of nuclear remnants in electron–nucleus collisions at high energy is a nonextensive process.

Keywords: α-cluster structure; nuclear structure; multiplicity distribution of nuclear fragments; nonextensive process; the Electron-Ion Collider

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Duan, T.-T.; Büriechin, S.; Lao, H.-L.; Liu, F.-H.; Olimov, K.K. Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process. Entropy 2026, 28, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040470

AMA Style

Duan T-T, Büriechin S, Lao H-L, Liu F-H, Olimov KK. Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process. Entropy. 2026; 28(4):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040470

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duan, Ting-Ting, Sahanaa Büriechin, Hai-Ling Lao, Fu-Hu Liu, and Khusniddin K. Olimov. 2026. "Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process" Entropy 28, no. 4: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040470

APA Style

Duan, T.-T., Büriechin, S., Lao, H.-L., Liu, F.-H., & Olimov, K. K. (2026). Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process. Entropy, 28(4), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040470

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Fragmentation of Nuclear Remnants in Electron–Nucleus Collisions at High Energy as a Nonextensive Process

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI