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Article

On Playing with Emotion: A Spatial Evolutionary Variation of the Ultimatum Game

by
D. Y. Charcon
1,† and
L. H. A. Monteiro
1,2,*,†
1
Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
2
Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Entropy 2024, 26(3), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030204
Submission received: 5 February 2024 / Revised: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 26 February 2024 / Published: 27 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics in Biological and Social Networks)

Abstract

The Ultimatum Game is a simplistic representation of bargaining processes occurring in social networks. In the standard version of this game, the first player, called the proposer, makes an offer on how to split a certain amount of money. If the second player, called the responder, accepts the offer, the money is divided according to the proposal; if the responder declines the offer, both players receive no money. In this article, an agent-based model is employed to evaluate the performance of five distinct strategies of playing a modified version of this game. A strategy corresponds to instructions on how a player must act as the proposer and as the responder. Here, the strategies are inspired by the following basic emotions: anger, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Thus, in the game, each interacting agent is a player endowed with one of these five basic emotions. In the modified version explored in this article, the spatial dimension is taken into account and the survival of the players depends on successful negotiations. Numerical simulations are performed in order to determine which basic emotion dominates the population in terms of prevalence and accumulated money. Information entropy is also computed to assess the time evolution of population diversity and money distribution. From the obtained results, a conjecture on the emergence of the sense of fairness is formulated.
Keywords: emotional expression; evolutionary game; information entropy; population dynamics; social network; spatial game; Ultimatum Game emotional expression; evolutionary game; information entropy; population dynamics; social network; spatial game; Ultimatum Game

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MDPI and ACS Style

Charcon, D.Y.; Monteiro, L.H.A. On Playing with Emotion: A Spatial Evolutionary Variation of the Ultimatum Game. Entropy 2024, 26, 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030204

AMA Style

Charcon DY, Monteiro LHA. On Playing with Emotion: A Spatial Evolutionary Variation of the Ultimatum Game. Entropy. 2024; 26(3):204. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030204

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charcon, D. Y., and L. H. A. Monteiro. 2024. "On Playing with Emotion: A Spatial Evolutionary Variation of the Ultimatum Game" Entropy 26, no. 3: 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030204

APA Style

Charcon, D. Y., & Monteiro, L. H. A. (2024). On Playing with Emotion: A Spatial Evolutionary Variation of the Ultimatum Game. Entropy, 26(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030204

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