Assessing the Europe 2020 Strategy Implementation Using Interval Entropy and Cluster Analysis for Interrelation between Two Groups of Headline Indicators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Europe 2020 Strategy Targets and Headline Indicators
- Increasing combined public and private investment in research and development (R&D) to 3% of GDP (gross domestic product);
- Reducing school drop-out rates to less than 10%;
- Increasing the share of the population aged 30–34 having completed tertiary education to at least 40%;
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990 levels;
- Increasing the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption to 20%;
- Moving towards a 20% increase in energy efficiency;
- Increasing the employment rate of the population aged 20–64 to at least 75%;
- Lifting at least 20 million people out of the risk of poverty and social exclusion.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the Europe 2020 Headline Indicators
3.2. The Concept of Interval Entropy
3.3. The Procedure of the WEBIRA Method for Calculating Criteria Weights
3.4. Algorithm for Criteria Weight Calculation
- (i)
- Algorithm parameters are determined:
- (ii)
- The initial vector of weights satisfying conditions (8) is chosen:
- (iii)
- Randomly selected vector of direction:
- (iv)
- Vector is calculated. If it does not satisfy conditions (8), the following corrections must be done:
- (a)
- If change ;
- (b)
- , change ;
- (c)
- If , change .
- (v)
- The number of iterations is calculated.
- (vi)
- If , then the algorithm is finishing calculations.
- (vii)
- If F(w1) > F(w0) then go to point (iii) of the algorithm, or else assign w0 = w1 and go to point (iii) of the algorithm.
4. Results
4.1. Prioritization of Europe-28 Headline Indicators
4.2. Results of Criteria Weight Calculation
4.3. Ranking the Alternatives
4.4. Countries Clustering Solution
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Target | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Employment Rate, age group 20–64 (%) | 71.10 | 72.20 | 73.20 | 75 |
C2 | Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (% of GDP) | 2.04 | 2.08 | 2.11 | 3 |
C3 | Greenhouse Gas Emission, Base Year 1990, Index (1990 = 100) | 77.92 | 78.38 | 76.76 | 80 |
C4 | Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption (%) | 16.995 | 17.474 | 17.98 | 20 |
C5 | Primary Energy Consumption (million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) ) | 1544.93 | 1562.40 | 1551.92 | 1483 |
C6 | Final Energy Consumption (million TOE) | 1110.02 | 1122.93 | 1124.14 | 1086.00 |
C7 | Early Leavers From Education and Training (% of the Population aged 18–24) | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10 |
C8 | Tertiary Education Attainment, Age Group 30–34 (%) | 39.2 | 39.9 | 40.7 | 40 |
C9 | People at Risk of Poverty and Social Exclusion (Million People) | 118.06 | 112.93 | 109.87 | 96.2 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 67.70 | 2.52 | 81.96 | 8.71 | 4.35 | 3.22 | 8.80 | 45.60 | 20.90 |
Bulgaria | 67.70 | 0.77 | 58.52 | 18.76 | 2.47 | 1.35 | 13.80 | 33.80 | 40.40 |
Czech Republic | 76.70 | 1.68 | 66.06 | 14.93 | 3.79 | 2.35 | 6.60 | 32.80 | 13.30 |
Denmark | 76.00 | 3.09 | 73.74 | 31.84 | 3.08 | 2.56 | 7.50 | 46.50 | 16.80 |
Germany | 78.60 | 2.94 | 74.17 | 14.89 | 3.62 | 2.64 | 10.30 | 33.20 | 19.70 |
Estonia | 76.60 | 1.25 | 48.98 | 28.68 | 4.48 | 2.16 | 10.90 | 45.40 | 24.40 |
Ireland | 71.40 | 1.17 | 113.34 | 9.26 | 3.09 | 2.45 | 6.00 | 54.60 | 24.40 |
Greece | 56.20 | 0.99 | 89.74 | 15.39 | 2.12 | 1.55 | 6.20 | 42.70 | 35.60 |
Spain | 63.90 | 1.19 | 116.51 | 17.43 | 2.57 | 1.77 | 19.00 | 40.10 | 27.90 |
France | 70.00 | 2.22 | 85.44 | 15.68 | 3.60 | 2.24 | 8.80 | 43.70 | 18.20 |
Croatia | 61.40 | 0.86 | 76.15 | 28.27 | 1.92 | 1.58 | 2.80 | 29.30 | 27.90 |
Italy | 61.60 | 1.37 | 85.80 | 17.42 | 2.44 | 1.91 | 13.80 | 26.20 | 30.00 |
Cyprus | 68.70 | 0.52 | 151.00 | 9.86 | 2.86 | 2.09 | 7.60 | 53.40 | 27.70 |
Latvia | 73.20 | 0.44 | 43.55 | 37.14 | 2.18 | 1.94 | 10.00 | 42.80 | 28.50 |
Lithuania | 75.20 | 0.84 | 42.77 | 25.61 | 2.09 | 1.77 | 4.80 | 58.70 | 30.10 |
Luxembourg | 70.70 | 1.30 | 87.98 | 5.44 | 7.20 | 7.01 | 5.50 | 54.60 | 19.80 |
Hungary | 71.50 | 1.19 | 65.48 | 14.32 | 2.41 | 1.81 | 12.40 | 33.00 | 26.30 |
Malta | 71.10 | 0.57 | 83.84 | 6.21 | 1.58 | 1.29 | 19.20 | 32.00 | 20.30 |
Netherlands | 77.10 | 2.00 | 91.57 | 5.83 | 3.81 | 2.93 | 8.00 | 45.70 | 16.70 |
Austria | 74.80 | 3.12 | 103.05 | 33.37 | 3.67 | 3.23 | 6.90 | 40.10 | 18.00 |
Poland | 69.30 | 0.96 | 84.56 | 11.27 | 2.50 | 1.75 | 5.20 | 44.60 | 21.90 |
Portugal | 70.60 | 1.28 | 115.32 | 30.87 | 2.10 | 1.57 | 14.00 | 34.60 | 25.10 |
Romania | 66.30 | 0.48 | 46.29 | 25.03 | 1.55 | 1.13 | 18.50 | 25.60 | 38.80 |
Slovenia | 70.10 | 2.01 | 94.69 | 21.29 | 3.17 | 2.36 | 4.90 | 44.20 | 18.40 |
Slovakia | 69.80 | 0.79 | 57.72 | 12.03 | 2.83 | 1.92 | 7.40 | 31.50 | 18.10 |
Finland | 73.40 | 2.72 | 83.16 | 39.01 | 5.91 | 4.59 | 7.90 | 46.10 | 16.60 |
Sweden | 81.20 | 3.25 | 76.99 | 53.37 | 4.61 | 3.25 | 7.40 | 51.00 | 18.30 |
United Kingdom | 77.50 | 1.66 | 63.76 | 8.98 | 2.74 | 2.05 | 11.20 | 48.10 | 22.20 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 68.50 | 2.66 | 82.14 | 9.06 | 4.32 | 3.18 | 8.90 | 45.90 | 20.60 |
Bulgaria | 71.30 | 0.74 | 60.88 | 18.70 | 2.58 | 1.39 | 12.70 | 32.80 | 38.90 |
Czech Republic | 78.50 | 1.79 | 65.56 | 14.80 | 3.81 | 2.41 | 6.70 | 34.20 | 12.20 |
Denmark | 76.60 | 3.05 | 70.67 | 34.72 | 3.11 | 2.58 | 8.80 | 48.20 | 17.20 |
Germany | 79.20 | 3.07 | 73.22 | 15.47 | 3.61 | 2.65 | 10.10 | 34.00 | 19.00 |
Estonia | 78.70 | 1.28 | 52.26 | 29.13 | 4.29 | 2.18 | 10.80 | 48.40 | 23.40 |
Ireland | 73.00 | 1.24 | 113.29 | 10.59 | 3.01 | 2.45 | 5.00 | 54.50 | 22.70 |
Greece | 57.80 | 1.13 | 93.62 | 16.95 | 2.15 | 1.56 | 6.00 | 43.70 | 34.80 |
Spain | 65.50 | 1.21 | 121.49 | 17.56 | 2.70 | 1.82 | 18.30 | 41.20 | 26.60 |
France | 70.60 | 2.21 | 86.35 | 16.01 | 3.58 | 2.22 | 8.80 | 44.40 | 17.00 |
Croatia | 63.60 | 0.86 | 78.71 | 27.28 | 2.01 | 1.67 | 3.10 | 28.70 | 26.40 |
Italy | 62.30 | 1.37 | 85.05 | 18.27 | 2.46 | 1.90 | 14.00 | 26.90 | 28.90 |
Cyprus | 70.80 | 0.55 | 155.75 | 10.49 | 2.96 | 2.19 | 8.50 | 55.90 | 25.20 |
Latvia | 74.80 | 0.51 | 43.94 | 39.02 | 2.29 | 2.06 | 8.60 | 43.80 | 28.20 |
Lithuania | 76.00 | 0.90 | 43.24 | 26.04 | 2.16 | 1.88 | 5.40 | 58.00 | 29.60 |
Luxembourg | 71.50 | 1.27 | 90.88 | 6.29 | 7.26 | 7.08 | 7.30 | 52.70 | 21.50 |
Hungary | 73.30 | 1.33 | 68.25 | 13.52 | 2.50 | 1.89 | 12.50 | 32.10 | 25.60 |
Malta | 73.00 | 0.58 | 93.45 | 7.27 | 1.76 | 1.35 | 17.70 | 33.50 | 19.30 |
Netherlands | 78.00 | 1.98 | 90.78 | 6.46 | 3.81 | 2.94 | 7.10 | 47.90 | 17.00 |
Austria | 75.40 | 3.05 | 106.17 | 33.14 | 3.74 | 3.26 | 7.40 | 40.80 | 18.10 |
Poland | 70.90 | 1.03 | 87.70 | 10.96 | 2.61 | 1.87 | 5.00 | 45.70 | 19.50 |
Portugal | 73.40 | 1.32 | 123.78 | 30.61 | 2.21 | 1.61 | 12.60 | 33.50 | 23.30 |
Romania | 68.80 | 0.50 | 47.39 | 24.45 | 1.65 | 1.18 | 18.10 | 26.30 | 35.70 |
Slovenia | 73.40 | 1.87 | 93.47 | 21.06 | 3.26 | 2.40 | 4.30 | 46.40 | 17.10 |
Slovakia | 71.10 | 0.89 | 59.31 | 11.47 | 2.97 | 2.05 | 9.30 | 34.30 | 16.30 |
Finland | 74.20 | 2.73 | 79.59 | 40.92 | 5.83 | 4.59 | 8.20 | 44.60 | 15.70 |
Sweden | 81.80 | 3.37 | 76.52 | 54.20 | 4.65 | 3.23 | 7.70 | 51.30 | 17.70 |
United Kingdom | 78.20 | 1.68 | 62.70 | 9.73 | 2.69 | 2.03 | 10.60 | 48.20 | 22.00 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 69.70 | 2.76 | 82.67 | 9.42 | 4.11 | 3.19 | 8.60 | 47.60 | 20.00 |
Bulgaria | 72.40 | 0.76 | 57.16 | 20.53 | 2.60 | 1.41 | 12.70 | 33.70 | 32.80 |
Czech Republic | 79.90 | 1.93 | 64.82 | 15.15 | 3.81 | 2.39 | 6.20 | 33.70 | 12.20 |
Denmark | 77.50 | 3.03 | 70.69 | 35.71 | 3.11 | 2.59 | 10.40 | 48.40 | 17.00 |
Germany | 79.90 | 3.13 | 70.44 | 16.48 | 3.52 | 2.60 | 10.30 | 34.90 | 18.70 |
Estonia | 79.50 | 1.40 | 49.98 | 30.00 | 4.68 | 2.24 | 11.30 | 47.20 | 24.40 |
Ireland | 74.10 | 1.15 | 113.60 | 11.06 | 3.01 | 2.54 | 5.00 | 56.30 | 21.10 |
Greece | 59.50 | 1.18 | 90.84 | 18.00 | 2.09 | 1.48 | 4.70 | 44.30 | 31.80 |
Spain | 67.00 | 1.24 | 119.74 | 17.45 | 2.67 | 1.86 | 17.90 | 42.40 | 26.10 |
France | 71.30 | 2.20 | 83.10 | 16.59 | 3.57 | 2.19 | 8.70 | 46.20 | 17.40 |
Croatia | 65.20 | 0.97 | 75.23 | 28.02 | 1.99 | 1.67 | 3.30 | 34.10 | 24.80 |
Italy | 63.00 | 1.39 | 84.41 | 17.78 | 2.43 | 1.93 | 14.50 | 27.80 | 27.30 |
Cyprus | 73.90 | 0.55 | 153.81 | 13.88 | 2.95 | 2.15 | 7.80 | 57.10 | 23.90 |
Latvia | 76.80 | 0.64 | 45.95 | 40.29 | 2.42 | 2.16 | 8.30 | 42.70 | 28.40 |
Lithuania | 77.80 | 0.94 | 42.64 | 24.45 | 2.25 | 1.98 | 4.60 | 57.60 | 28.30 |
Luxembourg | 72.10 | 1.21 | 94.16 | 9.06 | 7.41 | 7.23 | 6.30 | 56.20 | 21.90 |
Hungary | 74.40 | 1.53 | 67.82 | 12.49 | 2.50 | 1.90 | 12.50 | 33.70 | 19.60 |
Malta | 75.50 | 0.57 | 96.14 | 7.98 | 1.72 | 1.39 | 17.40 | 34.70 | 19.00 |
Netherlands | 79.20 | 2.16 | 88.58 | 7.39 | 3.77 | 2.93 | 7.30 | 49.40 | 16.70 |
Austria | 76.20 | 3.17 | 102.66 | 33.43 | 3.60 | 3.16 | 7.30 | 40.70 | 17.50 |
Poland | 72.20 | 1.21 | 87.42 | 11.28 | 2.66 | 1.89 | 4.80 | 45.70 | 18.90 |
Portugal | 75.40 | 1.36 | 118.90 | 30.32 | 2.20 | 1.64 | 11.80 | 33.50 | 21.60 |
Romania | 69.90 | 0.50 | 46.84 | 23.88 | 1.66 | 1.20 | 16.40 | 24.60 | 32.50 |
Slovenia | 75.40 | 1.95 | 94.35 | 21.15 | 3.23 | 2.41 | 4.20 | 42.70 | 16.20 |
Slovakia | 72.40 | 0.84 | 59.16 | 11.90 | 2.90 | 2.04 | 8.60 | 37.70 | 16.30 |
Finland | 76.30 | 2.75 | 81.41 | 41.16 | 5.98 | 4.69 | 8.30 | 44.20 | 16.50 |
Sweden | 82.40 | 3.32 | 75.28 | 54.65 | 4.62 | 3.16 | 7.50 | 51.80 | 18.00 |
United Kingdom | 78.70 | 1.70 | 61.59 | 11.02 | 2.66 | 2.03 | 10.70 | 48.80 | 23.10 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 0.1796 | 0.2697 | 0.8163 | 0.0712 | 0.7591 | 0.7693 | 0.8403 | 0.2034 | 0.8403 |
Bulgaria | 0.1796 | 0.0824 | 0.8689 | 0.1532 | 0.8631 | 0.9034 | 0.7495 | 0.1508 | 0.6913 |
Czech Republic | 0.2035 | 0.1798 | 0.8520 | 0.1219 | 0.7898 | 0.8316 | 0.8802 | 0.1463 | 0.8984 |
Denmark | 0.2016 | 0.3306 | 0.8348 | 0.2600 | 0.8294 | 0.8164 | 0.8639 | 0.2075 | 0.8716 |
Germany | 0.2085 | 0.3146 | 0.8338 | 0.1216 | 0.7993 | 0.8110 | 0.8131 | 0.1481 | 0.8495 |
Estonia | 0.2032 | 0.1338 | 0.8902 | 0.2343 | 0.7516 | 0.8454 | 0.8022 | 0.2026 | 0.8136 |
Ireland | 0.1894 | 0.1252 | 0.7460 | 0.0756 | 0.8287 | 0.8242 | 0.8911 | 0.2436 | 0.8136 |
Greece | 0.1491 | 0.1059 | 0.7989 | 0.1257 | 0.8823 | 0.8887 | 0.8875 | 0.1905 | 0.7280 |
Spain | 0.1695 | 0.1273 | 0.7389 | 0.1423 | 0.8577 | 0.8732 | 0.6551 | 0.1789 | 0.7868 |
France | 0.1857 | 0.2376 | 0.8086 | 0.1281 | 0.8003 | 0.8395 | 0.8403 | 0.1950 | 0.8609 |
Croatia | 0.1629 | 0.0920 | 0.8294 | 0.2309 | 0.8936 | 0.8865 | 0.9492 | 0.1307 | 0.7868 |
Italy | 0.1634 | 0.1466 | 0.8077 | 0.1422 | 0.8648 | 0.8631 | 0.7495 | 0.1169 | 0.7708 |
Cyprus | 0.1823 | 0.0556 | 0.6616 | 0.0805 | 0.8413 | 0.8506 | 0.8621 | 0.2382 | 0.7884 |
Latvia | 0.1942 | 0.0471 | 0.9024 | 0.3033 | 0.8793 | 0.8610 | 0.8185 | 0.1910 | 0.7823 |
Lithuania | 0.1995 | 0.0899 | 0.9042 | 0.2092 | 0.8841 | 0.8735 | 0.9129 | 0.2619 | 0.7700 |
Luxembourg | 0.1876 | 0.1391 | 0.8029 | 0.0444 | 0.6009 | 0.4979 | 0.9002 | 0.2436 | 0.8487 |
Hungary | 0.1897 | 0.1273 | 0.8533 | 0.1169 | 0.8662 | 0.8701 | 0.7749 | 0.1472 | 0.7991 |
Malta | 0.1886 | 0.0610 | 0.8121 | 0.0507 | 0.9127 | 0.9078 | 0.6515 | 0.1428 | 0.8449 |
Netherlands | 0.2046 | 0.2140 | 0.7948 | 0.0476 | 0.7886 | 0.7900 | 0.8548 | 0.2039 | 0.8724 |
Austria | 0.1985 | 0.3339 | 0.7691 | 0.2725 | 0.7968 | 0.7685 | 0.8748 | 0.1789 | 0.8625 |
Poland | 0.1839 | 0.1027 | 0.8105 | 0.0920 | 0.8616 | 0.8744 | 0.9056 | 0.1990 | 0.8327 |
Portugal | 0.1873 | 0.1370 | 0.7416 | 0.2521 | 0.8834 | 0.8878 | 0.7459 | 0.1544 | 0.8082 |
Romania | 0.1759 | 0.0514 | 0.8963 | 0.2044 | 0.9141 | 0.9194 | 0.6642 | 0.1142 | 0.7036 |
Slovenia | 0.1860 | 0.2151 | 0.7878 | 0.1739 | 0.8244 | 0.8307 | 0.9111 | 0.1972 | 0.8594 |
Slovakia | 0.1852 | 0.0845 | 0.8707 | 0.0982 | 0.8430 | 0.8627 | 0.8657 | 0.1405 | 0.8617 |
Finland | 0.1947 | 0.2911 | 0.8137 | 0.3186 | 0.6725 | 0.6713 | 0.8566 | 0.2057 | 0.8732 |
Sweden | 0.2154 | 0.3478 | 0.8275 | 0.4359 | 0.7446 | 0.7670 | 0.8657 | 0.2275 | 0.8602 |
United Kingdom | 0.2056 | 0.1776 | 0.8571 | 0.0734 | 0.8483 | 0.8535 | 0.7967 | 0.2146 | 0.8304 |
0.25 | 0.30 | 0.85 | 0.9 | |
2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
R3 | [0.1, 0.55) | [0.55, 1.0) |
di | 5 | 5 |
pi | 0.5 | 0.5 |
R4 | [0.1, 0.55) | [0.55, 1.0) |
di | 4 | 6 |
pi | 0.4 | 0.6 |
R3, R4 | [0.1, 0.28) | [0.28, 0.46) | [0.46, 0.64) | [0.64, 0.82) | [0.82, 1.0) |
di | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
pi | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E(R) | 0.9851 | 0.9851 | 1.0000 | 0.9851 | 1.0000 | 0.9851 | 0.9554 | 0.9703 | 0.9703 |
E2 | 0.8631 | 0.9059 | 0.6769 | 0.7496 | 0.5917 | 0.3712 | 0.8631 | 0.9852 | 0.9059 |
E4 | 0.9147 | 0.9509 | 0.7995 | 0.7990 | 0.7763 | 0.5492 | 0.9147 | 0.9225 | 0.9337 |
E7 | 0.8861 | 0.9343 | 0.8166 | 0.8214 | 0.7820 | 0.6357 | 0.8853 | 0.8687 | 0.8977 |
E8 | 0.8787 | 0.9220 | 0.8420 | 0.8505 | 0.8255 | 0.6158 | 0.8607 | 0.8935 | 0.8401 |
E14 | 0.8877 | 0.8966 | 0.7944 | 0.8502 | 0.7948 | 0.6924 | 0.8662 | 0.8582 | 0.8653 |
E16 | 0.8593 | 0.8713 | 0.7864 | 0.8628 | 0.8136 | 0.6815 | 0.8086 | 0.8517 | 0.8356 |
E2,4,7,14 | 0.8879 | 0.9219 | 0.7719 | 0.8050 | 0.7362 | 0.5621 | 0.8823 | 0.9086 | 0.9007 |
E2,4,8,16 | 0.8790 | 0.9125 | 0.7762 | 0.8155 | 0.7518 | 0.5544 | 0.8618 | 0.9132 | 0.8788 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E(R) | 0.9703 | 0.9851 | 0.9703 | 1.0000 | 0.9851 | 1.0000 | 0.9703 | 0.9703 | 0.9851 |
E2 | 0.7496 | 0.8631 | 0.6769 | 0.7496 | 0.4912 | 0.3712 | 0.8631 | 0.9852 | 0.9059 |
E4 | 0.8534 | 0.9020 | 0.8086 | 0.7990 | 0.7157 | 0.5089 | 0.9015 | 0.9225 | 0.9392 |
E7 | 0.8822 | 0.9089 | 0.8773 | 0.8564 | 0.7820 | 0.6424 | 0.9265 | 0.8630 | 0.8793 |
E8 | 0.8760 | 0.8955 | 0.8564 | 0.8459 | 0.7954 | 0.6012 | 0.8848 | 0.9341 | 0.8940 |
E14 | 0.8628 | 0.8662 | 0.8815 | 0.8723 | 0.8145 | 0.6585 | 0.8628 | 0.8653 | 0.8850 |
E16 | 0.8347 | 0.8245 | 0.8534 | 0.8414 | 0.8034 | 0.6605 | 0.8780 | 0.8950 | 0.8578 |
E2,4,7,14 | 0.8370 | 0.8851 | 0.8111 | 0.8193 | 0.7009 | 0.5453 | 0.8885 | 0.9090 | 0.9023 |
E2,4,8,16 | 0.8284 | 0.8713 | 0.7988 | 0.8090 | 0.7014 | 0.5355 | 0.8819 | 0.9342 | 0.8992 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E(R) | 0.9554 | 0.9851 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.9851 | 0.9851 | 0.9554 | 0.9498 | 1.0000 |
E2 | 0.7496 | 0.9403 | 0.6769 | 0.6769 | 0.5917 | 0.3712 | 0.9059 | 0.9666 | 0.9666 |
E4 | 0.8654 | 0.9621 | 0.7995 | 0.767 | 0.7608 | 0.5089 | 0.9454 | 0.9020 | 0.9629 |
E7 | 0.8947 | 0.9393 | 0.8539 | 0.8521 | 0.7617 | 0.6357 | 0.9406 | 0.9808 | 0.9302 |
E8 | 0.8897 | 0.8743 | 0.8445 | 0.8294 | 0.7646 | 0.5996 | 0.8935 | 0.8790 | 0.9356 |
E14 | 0.8769 | 0.8769 | 0.8511 | 0.8591 | 0.7834 | 0.6549 | 0.9366 | 0.8896 | 0.9003 |
E16 | 0.8748 | 0.8737 | 0.8534 | 0.8338 | 0.7596 | 0.6704 | 0.8482 | 0.8097 | 0.8458 |
E2,4,7,14 | 0.8466 | 0.9297 | 0.7954 | 0.7888 | 0.7244 | 0.5427 | 0.9321 | 0.9347 | 0.9400 |
E2,4,8,16 | 0.8449 | 0.9126 | 0.7936 | 0.7768 | 0.7192 | 0.5375 | 0.8983 | 0.8893 | 0.9277 |
2016 | |||||||||
Wx4 | Wx3 | Wx5 | Wx6 | Wy2 | Wy8 | Wy9 | Wy1 | Wy7 | |
0.8173 | 0.1816 | 0.0011 | 0 | 0.9290 | 0.0182 | 0.0182 | 0.0173 | 0.0173 | 204.109514 |
2017 | |||||||||
Wx4 | Wx3 | Wx5 | Wx6 | Wy8 | Wy9 | Wy7 | Wy2 | Wy1 | |
0.6719 | 0.3281 | 0 | 0 | 0.4019 | 0.1572 | 0.1572 | 0.1419 | 0.1419 | 230.062190 |
2018 | |||||||||
Wx3 | Wx4 | Wx5 | Wx6 | Wy9 | Wy2 | Wy7 | Wy8 | Wy1 | |
0.5745 | 0.4135 | 0.0099 | 0.0021 | 0.3482 | 0.3086 | 0.2385 | 0.1042 | 0.0005 | 220.053163 |
α | Aα | Country | No | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.3616 | 27 | Sweden | 27 | 1 |
0.3477 | 20,27 | Austria | 20 | 2 |
0.3452 | 4,20,27 | Denmark | 4 | 3 |
0.3082 | 4,20,26,27 | Finland | 26 | 4 |
0.2524 | 4,10,20,26,27 | France | 10 | 5 |
0.2517 | 4,5,10,20,26,27 | Germany | 5 | 6 |
0.2380 | 4,5,10,20,24,26,27 | Slovenia | 24 | 7 |
0.2072 | 1,4,5,10,20,24,26,27 | Belgium | 1 | 8 |
0.2048 | 1,3,4,5,10,20,24,26,27 | Czech Republic | 3 | 9 |
0.2014 | 1,3,4,5,10,20,24,26,27,28 | UK | 28 | 10 |
0.1841 | 1,3,4,5,10,19,20,24,26,27,28 | Netherlands | 19 | 11 |
0.1681 | 1,3,4,5,10,12,19,20,24,26,27,28 | Italy | 12 | 12 |
0.1679 | 1,3,4,5,10,12,16,19,20,24,26,27,28 | Luxembourg | 16 | 13 |
0.1609 | 1,3,4,5,10,12,16,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Portugal | 22 | 14 |
0.1601 | 1,3,4,5,6,10,12,16,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Estonia | 6 | 15 |
0.1542 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,10,12,16,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Ireland | 7 | 16 |
0.1522 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,10,12,16,17,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Hungary | 17 | 17 |
0.1501 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,12,16,17,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Spain | 9 | 18 |
0.1330 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,16,17,19,20,22,24,26,27,28 | Greece | 8 | 19 |
0.1330 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,26,27,28 | Poland | 21 | 20 |
0.1215 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,26,27,28 | Lithuania | 15 | 21 |
0.1214 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,26,27,28 | Croatia | 11 | 22 |
0.1150 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Slovakia | 25 | 23 |
0.1079 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Bulgaria | 2 | 24 |
0.0892 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Malta | 18 | 25 |
0.0884 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, 12,13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Cyprus | 13 | 26 |
0.0790 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Latvia | 14 | 27 |
0.0771 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | Romania | 23 | 28 |
α | Aα | Country | No | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.4409 | 27 | Sweden | 27 | 1 |
0.4262 | 4,27 | Denmark | 4 | 2 |
0.4178 | 4,26,27 | Finland | 26 | 3 |
0.4156 | 4,20,26,27 | Austria | 20 | 4 |
0.4055 | 4,15,20,26,27 | Lithuania | 15 | 5 |
0.3873 | 4,6,15,20,26,27 | Estonia | 6 | 6 |
0.3739 | 4,6,15,20,24,26,27 | Slovenia | 24 | 7 |
0.3666 | 4,6,14,15,20,24,26,27 | Latvia | 14 | 8 |
0.3604 | 3,4,6,14,15,20,24,26,27 | Czech Republic | 3 | 9 |
0.3593 | 3,4,6,11,14,15,20,24,26,27 | Croatia | 11 | 10 |
0.3585 | 3,4,5,6,11,14,15,20,24,26,27 | Germany | 5 | 11 |
0.3545 | 3,4,5,6,11,14,15,20,22,24,26,27 | Portugal | 22 | 12 |
0.3519 | 3,4,5,6,10,11,14,15,20,22,24,26,27 | France | 10 | 13 |
0.3518 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,14,15,20,22,24,26,27 | Greece | 8 | 14 |
0.3496 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24,26,27 | Hungary | 17 | 15 |
0.3470 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27 | Slovakia | 25 | 16 |
0.3352 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | UK | 28 | 17 |
0.3350 | 3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Spain | 9 | 18 |
0.3284 | 3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Italy | 12 | 19 |
0.3240 | 2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Bulgaria | 2 | 20 |
0.3238 | 2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Poland | 21 | 21 |
0.3177 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Belgium | 1 | 22 |
0.3034 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Ireland | 7 | 23 |
0.2999 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,18,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Malta | 18 | 24 |
0.2975 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Netherlands | 19 | 25 |
0.2965 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Luxembourg | 16 | 26 |
0.2963 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | Romania | 23 | 27 |
0.2724 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | Cyprus | 13 | 28 |
α | Aα | Country | No | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.6289 | 27 | Sweden | 27 | 1 |
0.6082 | 26,27 | Finland | 26 | 2 |
0.6081 | 4,26,27 | Denmark | 4 | 3 |
0.5618 | 4,20,26,27 | Austria | 20 | 4 |
0.5506 | 3,4,20,26,27 | Czech Republic | 3 | 5 |
0.5479 | 3,4,5,20,26,27 | Germany | 5 | 6 |
0.5455 | 3,4,5,11,20,26,27 | Croatia | 11 | 7 |
0.5440 | 3,4,5,11,20,25,26,27 | Slovakia | 25 | 8 |
0.5420 | 3,4,5,11,20,25,26,27,28 | UK | 28 | 9 |
0.5391 | 3,4,5,11,15,20,25,26,27,28 | Lithuania | 15 | 10 |
0.5368 | 3,4,5,11,15,17,20,25,26,27,28 | Hungary | 17 | 11 |
0.5328 | 3,4,5,11,15,17,20,24,25,26,27,28 | Slovenia | 24 | 12 |
0.5322 | 3,4,5,10,11,15,17,20,24,25,26,27,28 | France | 10 | 13 |
0.5302 | 3,4,5,6,10,11,15,17,20,24,25,26,27,28 | Estonia | 6 | 14 |
0.5286 | 3,4,5,6,10,11,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Portugal | 22 | 15 |
0.5278 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,15,17,20,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Greece | 8 | 16 |
0.5099 | 3,4,5,6,8,10,11,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Poland | 21 | 17 |
0.5090 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Belgium | 1 | 18 |
0.5059 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,14,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Latvia | 14 | 19 |
0.4982 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,14,15,17,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Italy | 12 | 20 |
0.4951 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,14,15,17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Netherlands | 19 | 21 |
0.4908 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Luxembourg | 16 | 22 |
0.4882 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Spain | 9 | 23 |
0.4865 | 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Malta | 18 | 24 |
0.4756 | 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Ireland | 7 | 25 |
0.4729 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28 | Bulgaria | 2 | 26 |
0.4448 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | Romania | 23 | 27 |
0.4336 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 | Cyprus | 13 | 28 |
Rank 2016 | Rank 2017 | Rank 2018 | Three Clusters k-Means | Rank Fedajev et al. | Category Fedajev et al. | Four Clusters k-Means | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | 8 | 22 | 18 | 3 | 20 | Periphery | 3 |
Bulgaria | 24 | 20 | 26 | 3 | 24 | Periphery | 3 |
Czech Republic | 9 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 9 | Core | 1 |
Denmark | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Core | 1 |
Germany | 6 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 11 | Semi-Periphery | 1 |
Estonia | 15 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 10 | Semi-Periphery | 4 |
Ireland | 16 | 23 | 25 | 3 | 19 | Semi-Periphery | 3 |
Greece | 19 | 14 | 16 | 2 | 16 | Semi-Periphery | 4 |
Spain | 18 | 18 | 23 | 3 | 25 | Periphery | 3 |
France | 5 | 13 | 13 | 1 | 8 | Core | 1 |
Croatia | 22 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 6 | Core | 2 |
Italy | 12 | 19 | 20 | 3 | 22 | Periphery | 3 |
Cyprus | 26 | 28 | 28 | 3 | 26 | Periphery | 3 |
Latvia | 27 | 8 | 19 | 2 | 12 | Semi-Periphery | 4 |
Lithuania | 21 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 4 | Core | 4 |
Luxembourg | 13 | 26 | 22 | 3 | 28 | Periphery | 3 |
Hungary | 17 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 18 | Semi-Periphery | 2 |
Malta | 25 | 24 | 24 | 3 | 27 | Periphery | 3 |
Netherlands | 11 | 25 | 21 | 3 | 22 | Periphery | 3 |
Austria | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | Core | 1 |
Poland | 20 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 13 | Semi-Periphery | 3 |
Portugal | 14 | 12 | 15 | 2 | 15 | Semi-Periphery | 4 |
Romania | 28 | 27 | 27 | 3 | 20 | Periphery | 3 |
Slovenia | 7 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 5 | Core | 1 |
Slovakia | 23 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 17 | Semi-Periphery | 2 |
Finland | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 7 | Core | 1 |
Sweden | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Core | 1 |
UK | 10 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 14 | Semi-Periphery | 2 |
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Kosareva, N.; Krylovas, A. Assessing the Europe 2020 Strategy Implementation Using Interval Entropy and Cluster Analysis for Interrelation between Two Groups of Headline Indicators. Entropy 2021, 23, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030345
Kosareva N, Krylovas A. Assessing the Europe 2020 Strategy Implementation Using Interval Entropy and Cluster Analysis for Interrelation between Two Groups of Headline Indicators. Entropy. 2021; 23(3):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030345
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosareva, Natalja, and Aleksandras Krylovas. 2021. "Assessing the Europe 2020 Strategy Implementation Using Interval Entropy and Cluster Analysis for Interrelation between Two Groups of Headline Indicators" Entropy 23, no. 3: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/e23030345