Search Results (3,735)

Membrane distillation (MD) technology has become an effective solution to freshwater scarcity due to its low energy consumption, high separation efficiency, and ability to handle highly concentrated saline wastewater. Nevertheless, issues such as membrane wetting, membrane fouling, and low membrane flux severely limit its large-scale application. Composite membranes prepared using metal–organic framework (MOF) materials as fillers have become a research hotspot due to their advantages, such as permeable microporous channels, customizable pore structures, and modifiable active sites. These properties enable them to effectively reduce temperature polarization and concentration polarization phenomena. This article describes the characteristics of MOF materials and their current applications in the field of MD, with a comparative analysis of the applicability of MOF polycrystalline membranes and MOF composite membranes in MD, and discusses the working principle of MOFs in enhancing the performance of MD. Finally, the problems and challenges associated with the use of MOFs in MD applications are analyzed. This study aims to provide theoretical guidance for the application of MOF materials in the field of MD seawater desalination. Full article

Problem statement: Contaminated mixed plastic waste—bearing metallic, paper, cardboard and organic residues—remains largely excluded from mechanical recycling because conventional routes require a costly, water- and energy-intensive washing–drying pretreatment. Research gap: No published study combines a fully dry, washing-free valorisation route for such waste with certified mechanical characterisation and a quantified CO₂ mass balance that explicitly credits elimination of the washing–drying stage. Methodology: This study presents DMP (Downcycled Mixed Plastic), a patented (OSIM, Romania) dry valorisation process based on continuous single-screw extrusion (D = 150 mm, L/D = 17.3), characterised through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), certified mechanical/thermal testing at accredited Romanian laboratories, Weber-number dispersion analysis, and a process-parameter sensitivity study. Key findings: The composite exhibits certified mechanical properties (tensile strength 9.22 MPa, elongation at break 112.8%, compressive strength 14.5 MPa); composition–property analysis across four batches shows that increasing the PP weight fraction from 20 to 28 wt% raises tensile strength by 8.3% while reducing elongation by 5.2%; a computed Weber number (We = 166.7 ≫ We_crit) is consistent with fine PP-phase dispersion within the PE matrix; the sensitivity study confirms statistically robust structure–property relationships (R² = 0.93–0.98); and the CO₂ mass balance establishes a net avoidance of 3.150 t CO₂ eq per tonne of waste processed relative to conventional wet recycling. Significance: dry, washing-free processing is a technically promising pathway for valorising plastic waste streams currently considered non-recyclable, potentially reducing production cost by 60–70% relative to wet recycling, pending additional characterisation identified as priorities for future work. Full article

Given the urgent need to regulate oxidative stress microenvironments in chronic wound healing, hydrogel dressings that simultaneously integrate antioxidant, antibacterial, mechanically adaptive, and biocompatible properties are highly desirable. In this study, a natural polymer-based composite hydrogel dressing loaded with zinc-quercetin nanozyme (Zn-Q) was designed. The gel skeleton was constructed via a dual network of photocrosslinked methacrylated silk fibroin (SilMA) and mercaptolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) via thiol-ene click chemistry, with the catalase (CAT)-like Zn-Q nanozyme encapsulated in situ within the network, thereby achieving synergy between chemical crosslinking and dynamic metal-polyphenol coordination. Systematic characterization revealed that Zn-Q nanozyme adopted a stable octahedral coordination configuration, and its continuous porous structure exposed abundant catalytically active sites. The composite hydrogels exhibited a highly interconnected, three-dimensional (3D) porous morphology, with swelling ratios that increased significantly with Zn-Q nanozyme content (up to around 1082%). Rheological and mechanical tests demonstrated that although incorporating the nanozyme reduced the storage modulus, the reversible physical crosslinks formed via hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions endowed the material with excellent tensile toughness and energy-dissipation capacity, exhibiting typical Mullins softening behavior. Functional evaluation showed that Zn-Q nanozyme conferred superior free radical scavenging capability to the hydrogels and exerted dose-dependent inhibition against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited favorable adhesion to various wet organs and heterogeneous material surfaces, with hemolysis rates below 5% and cell viability exceeding 100% after 3 days of culturing with fibroblasts, confirming their excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. This study provides an experimental basis for developing a new type of wound repair materials that integrate antioxidant, anti-infective, and mechanically adaptive properties, holding significant application potential in oxidative stress-related tissue repair fields. Full article

Background/Objectives: Long-acting injectable aqueous suspensions based on fatty acid prodrugs offer a compelling strategy for chronic disease management. However, the selection of optimal alkyl chain length remains largely empirical, as its influence on prodrug performance is highly system-dependent and lacks predictive guidelines. Methods: Three aripiprazole prodrugs with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized and characterized using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A series of physicochemical assessments was performed, including melting point, solubility, lipophilicity, solid-state stability, and plasma stability. The prodrugs were subsequently formulated as aqueous suspensions, which were evaluated for particle size, morphology, release behavior, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake. Finally, intramuscular administration in rats was carried out to investigate pharmacokinetic profiles and local tolerability. Results: Physicochemical characterization revealed that chain elongation progressively reduced the melting point, solubility, wettability, and solid-state stability of these prodrugs, whereas their flexibility, lipophilicity, and plasma stability correspondingly increased. After wet milling and intramuscular administration in rats, all suspensions sustained drug release for up to one month with good tolerability. Notably, the aripiprazole lauroxil formulation exhibited superior bioavailability and a shortened subtherapeutic interval, enabling the rapid attainment of therapeutic concentrations while effectively mitigating a prolonged pharmacokinetic tail. Conclusions: These findings reinforce the favorable profile of aripiprazole lauroxil as a lead candidate and demonstrate that isostructural packing facilitates the reliable prediction of chain length–property correlations across diverse fatty acid-prodrug systems, thus providing a valuable reference for rational alkyl chain selection in the design of fatty acid-based LAI suspensions. Full article

To address the persistent challenge of membrane wetting during oil-gas separation in transformer condition monitoring, an omniphobic composite membrane was developed to facilitate the reliable online detection of dissolved gases. An F-CNTs/Teflon AF/PVDF composite membrane, featuring a loofah-like hierarchical structure and omniphobic properties, was fabricated via spraying-deposition strategy on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate. The morphology, surface chemical composition, wettability and stability of the F-CNTs/Teflon AF/PVDF composite membrane were systematically characterized. Subsequently, the oil-gas separation performance of the composite membrane was evaluated using standard transformer oil containing dissolved gases as the feed solution. The results indicated that fluorinated carbon nanotubes (F-CNTs) were successfully modified onto the membrane surface, creating a re-entrant morphology composed of an intersecting nanotube network that mimics the hierarchical architecture of a loofah. The F-CNTs/Teflon AF/PVDF composite membrane exhibited exceptional omniphobicity, achieving contact angles of 168.2 ± 1.5° and 127.5 ± 1.0° towards DI water and mineral insulating oil, respectively. Additionally, the loofah-inspired composite membrane demonstrated robust thermal and ultrasonic stability. In oil-gas separation tests, the omniphobic membrane displayed a rapid response and high efficiency for dissolved gas extraction, achieving dynamic equilibrium within 64 min. Furthermore, the modification improved permeation efficiency by 25.6%. These results suggest that the developed omniphobic membrane is a promising alternative for oil-gas separation in the condition monitoring of oil-filled electrical equipment. Full article

Tissue adhesives are gaining increasing attention as efficient alternatives to conventional wound closure methods, yet their clinical translation is often hindered by insufficient wet adhesion and inadequate biocompatibility. Drawing inspiration from nature’s robust wet-adhesion strategies, particularly dynamic covalent interactions and reversible crosslinking, we report a family of bioinspired composite hydrogels fabricated from 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid-grafted polyethylenimine (4-CPBA-PEI) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that serve as versatile bioadhesives. The polyethylenimine with different molecular weights (18,000, 70,000, and 100,000 Da) was used to prepare the 4-CPBA-PEI derivatives via EDC/NHS-mediated amidation. The resulting hydrogels exhibited three-dimensional interconnected porous networks with tunable pore dimensions and equilibrium swelling ratios (ranging from 400% to 700%), closely correlated with the PEI molecular weight. Rheological measurements confirmed typical viscoelasticity, shear-thinning behavior, and outstanding self-healing performance, which are mainly attributed to hydrogen bonds and dynamic borate ester bonds in the network. The hydrogels firmly adhered to the surfaces of diverse matrices, such as glass, rubber, metal, plastic, wood, human skin, and wet mouse organs. Additionally, the obtained hydrogels exhibited high 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity (>85%), excellent hemocompatibility (hemolysis rate < 0.5%), and potent intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. Cytocompatibility studies using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated low cytotoxicity and favorable cytocompatibility. This biomimetic design yields multifunctional hydrogels that integrate tunable physical properties, wet-surface attachment, self-healing, antioxidant activity, and good biocompatibility, suggesting their potential as wound dressing candidates. Full article

Water-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques continue to attract interest because of their technical practicality and economic feasibility. Hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding is a promising EOR strategy for carbonate reservoirs; however, the coupled effects of low-salinity brine, surfactant addition, wettability alteration, electrostatic modification, and capillary pressure reduction remain difficult to isolate. This study investigates hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding in restored tight carbonate cores using integrated experimental measurements and core-scale numerical modeling. The experimental workflow included oil–water interfacial tension (IFT), zeta potential, contact angle measurements using a custom-designed HPHT imbibition cell, and reservoir-condition HPHT coreflooding under sequential and standalone injection schemes. The sequential flood evaluated the transition from seawater (SW) to 1%diluted seawater (1%dSW) and then to 1%dSW+A-1 surfactant, while standalone floods assessed the direct displacement performance of 1%dSW and 1%dSW+A-1. Dilution from SW to 1%dSW increased IFT from approximately 10.2 to 14.9 mN/m, indicating that the recovery improvement during 1%dSW injection was not caused by IFT reduction. Instead, zeta potential and contact angle results indicated progressive electrostatic modification and wettability alteration toward a less oil-wet state. The contact angle decreased from approximately 123° for SW to 101° for 1%dSW and further to 84° after A-1 addition. In contrast, 1%dSW+A-1 reduced IFT sharply to approximately 0.178 mN/m at 0.2 wt%, lowering the estimated capillary pressure magnitude and weakening capillary trapping. Sequential coreflooding showed that SW recovered 42.65% OOIP, followed by an additional 24.21% OOIP from 1%dSW and 9.11% OOIP from 1%dSW+A-1. Standalone 1%dSW and 1%dSW+A-1 recovered approximately 58.44% and 65.82% OOIP, respectively. Core-scale models reproduced the main recovery and pressure drop trends using zeta potential-guided relative permeability and capillary pressure functions supported by surface complexation modeling concepts. Overall, 1%dSW+A-1 improved oil displacement through a synergistic mechanism in which low-salinity brine stabilized the water film and altered wettability, while A-1 surfactant reduced IFT and weakened capillary trapping. The integrated experimental and modeling workflow provides a mechanistic basis for evaluating hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding and for linking laboratory-measured interfacial properties to effective core-scale rock–fluid functions. Full article

Sowing date and seeding rate are key agronomic measures for regulating yield formation and quality accumulation in winter wheat, especially in the context of global warming, which has led to delayed sowing becoming the norm. Clearly identifying optimal combinations of sowing date and seeding rate under late-sowing conditions is crucial for achieving coordinated improvement in both high yield and quality. Therefore, this study used the strong-gluten wheat cultivar ‘Shaannong 33’ and conducted a two-factor split-plot field experiment in the southern North China Plain (Nanyang, Henan) during 2019–2021. Three sowing dates (early sowing: 27 October; intermediate sowing: 31 October–2 November; late sowing: 6–8 November) and four seeding rates (180 × 10⁴, 240 × 10⁴, 300 × 10⁴, and 360 × 10⁴ plants ha⁻¹) were tested to systematically analyze the effects of sowing date and seeding rate on wheat yield and its components, grain processing quality, and starch physicochemical properties. The results showed that sowing from late October to early November (approximately 25 October to 2 November in 2019–2020 and 25 October to 31 October in 2020–2021) combined with a seeding rate of 240–300 × 10⁴ plants ha⁻¹ maintained yield at a comparably high level across both growing seasons while improving processing quality indicators such as protein content, wet gluten content, and dough stability time for the strong-gluten cultivar ‘Shaannong 33’. However, the optimal sowing window varied between years: in 2019–2020, both D1 (27 October) and D2 (2 November) produced comparable yields, whereas in 2020–2021, D2 (31 October) was superior for both yield and quality. This inter-annual variability highlights the influence of climatic conditions on the optimal sowing window. Further delaying the sowing date to after 6 November led to decreases in yield and quality parameters; however, increasing the seeding rate to 360 × 10⁴ plants ha⁻¹ partially compensated for yield loss. In addition, late sowing significantly increased amylopectin content, swelling power, and pasting indicators such as peak viscosity and final viscosity while decreasing amylose content and pasting temperature, which is beneficial for improving cooking and eating quality. Correlation analysis indicated that the amylose/amylopectin ratio was the core factor determining starch pasting properties, while protein content showed a significant negative correlation with starch pasting indicators, reflecting the resource competition effect between grain protein and starch. Yield differences between the two years were mainly driven by changes in spike number per unit area, while inter-annual climate fluctuations (especially precipitation and temperature) significantly affected spike formation capacity. Overall, sowing date and seeding rate have a synergistic regulatory effect on yield and quality of late-sown wheat for the strong-gluten cultivar ‘Shaannong 33’. It is recommended to adopt a sowing date of 25–31 October with the seeding rate controlled at 240–300 × 10⁴ plants ha⁻¹ to achieve synergistic improvement of yield and quality under late-sowing conditions in the southern North China Plain for this cultivar. Full article

Background/Objectives: Chronic wounds remain difficult to manage because persistent inflammation, microbial colonization, and excess exudate require dressings that combine structural integrity, bioactivity, antimicrobial performance, and cytocompatibility. This study aimed to develop electrospun nanofibrous mats based on gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), with and without Brazilian red propolis extract (BRPE), and to evaluate how extract incorporation affects solution properties, fiber morphology, fluid interaction, antimicrobial activity, and cytocompatibility. Methods: BRPE was characterized in terms of solid content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and HPLC-DAD marker profile. Polymeric solutions were evaluated for electrical conductivity and rheological behavior and then processed by electrospinning under fixed conditions. The resulting mats were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, surface porosity, FTIR, and HPLC-DAD. Their performance was further assessed by swelling-associated degradation in simulated wound fluids, agar diffusion antimicrobial assays, and MTT cytocompatibility assays using HaCaT cells. Results: BRPE showed a solid content of 3.88%, a total phenolic content of 8.79 ± 0.21 mg pyrogallol equivalents g⁻¹ extract, and an antioxidant activity of 75.32 ± 9.80 mg Trolox equivalents g⁻¹ extract. HPLC-DAD confirmed preservation of the BRPE chromatographic fingerprint after electrospinning, with high retention of marker peaks associated with liquiritigenin and a formononetin-related signal. Solution conductivity varied with polymer composition and BRPE incorporation; for example, the PVA:gelatin:PCL formulation A4/A4.1 at 70:20:10 decreased from 919.6 to 539.6 µS cm⁻¹ after BRPE loading. Electrospinning produced continuous, defect-free fibers with mean diameters ranging from 94 to 224 nm and surface porosity between 9.8 and 10.6%. Most hydrophilic systems showed rapid fluid interaction but limited wet-state structural stability; among the quantified formulations, A5 showed the lowest mass loss, indicating better structural preservation under simulated wound conditions. BRPE-loaded mats showed microorganism-dependent antimicrobial activity, with the strongest inhibition against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae and no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Free BRPE showed marked cytotoxicity, whereas selected electrospun formulations, especially A1.1 and A3.1, improved HaCaT cell viability. Conclusions: Electrospinning was an effective strategy for incorporating BRPE into polymeric nanofibers and modulating the physicochemical and biological performance of the resulting mats. These findings support the potential of these materials as multifunctional wound-dressing platforms, although further optimization is needed to improve wet-state structural stability, mechanical performance, and bioactive release. Full article

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a valuable source of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins with recognized antioxidant and health-related properties; however, their instability under processing and storage conditions limits their direct application in food and nutraceutical systems. In this context, encapsulation offers a promising strategy for enhancing the stability and delivery of hibiscus bioactives. The present study comparatively evaluates three encapsulation techniques, spray drying, co-crystallization, and ionic gelation, for the stabilization of aqueous hibiscus extract. Each process was optimized through systematic adjustment of key operating parameters. The encapsulated products were characterized for physicochemical properties (moisture content, bulk density, wetting time, hygroscopicity, color, particle morphology), encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin content release behavior, and structural interactions through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The encapsulation method strongly affected phenolic retention, antioxidant activity, color characteristics, and release behavior of the final products. Under the optimized conditions, encapsulation efficiency was approximately 95% for spray drying, while co-crystallization showed an apparent encapsulation efficiency of 99.96%, whereas ionic gelation showed measured values of 7.0–34.0% and a model-predicted, validated optimum of 50.83%. Spray drying better preserved antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, and color characteristics, while co-crystallization produced low-moisture, low-hygroscopicity powders with rapid aqueous release. FTIR analysis of the spray-dried and co-crystallized samples indicated physical entrapment rather than chemical modification, confirming the successful formation of encapsulated systems. Τhe findings highlight method-dependent differences in the technological and functional performance of the encapsulation systems, providing insight into the stabilization and controlled release of hibiscus-derived bioactive ingredients, with spray drying and co-crystallization emerging as the most promising approaches. Full article

Previous characterisation of historic blue bricks (qingzhuan) from Beijing identified compositional and physical differences across periods, but their effect on early-stage freeze–thaw behaviour was untested. An adapted laboratory wetting–freezing–thawing procedure was applied to four Ming-attributed and four Qing-attributed Great Wall bricks from the Miyun section as the primary cohort, with Lingyue Temple and Guanyin Chanlin bricks as supporting cases. The 10-cycle endpoint is below the 15 cycles GB/T 2542-2012 prescribes for a frost-resistance rating, so the results index early-stage damage sensitivity, not freeze–thaw durability. Dry mass loss, colour difference (ΔE*_ab), gloss change and visible damage were evaluated. The lower-density, higher-absorption (Ming-attributed) group lost 1.22 ± 0.84% of its dry mass versus 0.37 ± 0.12% for the denser, lower-absorption (Qing-attributed) group, with complete rank separation that persists after normalising by estimated coupon surface area. At four bricks per group, the exact Mann–Whitney result (U = 16, p = 0.029) sits at the smallest attainable p-value, so the comparison is exploratory and hypothesis-generating and establishes no dynastic difference in frost resistance. Bulk properties predicted neither damage magnitude nor mode: a low-mass-loss coupon fractured through, and the metrics ranked specimens differently. Conservation assessment should report material loss, structural integrity and surface preservation as separate endpoints, and match repair material by water absorption, pore structure and freeze–thaw behaviour rather than colour and composition alone. Full article

Water significantly modifies rock mechanical performance and fracture characteristics through water content and water distribution. Nevertheless, the evolution laws of rock mechanical properties and underlying fracture mechanisms under variable water conditions remain incompletely clarified. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were carried out on sandstone samples with diverse water immersion durations. Experimental observations reveal that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus of sandstone follow negative exponential attenuation with prolonged immersion time, with maximum reductions of 50.1% and 25.6%, respectively. Under equivalent water contents, samples featuring dry exteriors and wet interiors possess lower strength than those with wet exteriors and dry interiors. A self-developed numerical code incorporating humidity diffusion effects was subsequently adopted to interpret water-controlled sandstone fracture behaviors. Numerical outputs verify that water-induced softening and heterogeneous water distribution exacerbate rock material heterogeneity and internal stress non-uniformity, triggering tensile microcracks along dry–wet interfaces. As the immersion duration rises, the rock failure mode transitions from shear-dominated mixed failure to tension-dominated failure, and finally reverts to shear-dominated mixed failure. Macroscopic rupture is predominantly governed by the gradual coalescence of tension-generated microcracks. This study offers a theoretical foundation to advance the understanding of water-triggered mechanical degradation and fracture mechanisms in sandstone. Full article

Wet grinding is an important operation in the technological process of ceramic tile production. The properties of the slurry obtained from grinding (slip) are conditioned by the raw materials (the type and characteristics of raw material in mixture, recipes for mixture), and by the operating parameters in grinding (technical characteristics of mill, type of grinding system, mill charge, grinding media body, grinding time, etc.). The optimal selection of these influential parameters results in satisfactory properties of slip, i.e., in efficient grinding as process operation, and, consequently, in smooth and efficient realisation of subsequent operations in the process, particularly spray drying. At the end of the technological process, the final goal is to obtain a ceramic tile of satisfactory quality. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is an increasingly applied tool for selecting optimal technological parameters for the purpose of optimisation, problem solving and improvement of technological processes. This paper presents the application of the symmetry point of criterion—ranking alternatives by perimeter similarity (SPC-RAPS) as an MCDM hybrid method for the selection of optimal technological parameters in grinding in the ceramic tile production process. The ranking and selection of alternatives (raw materials, grinding balls and grinding time) were performed according to various criteria. In addition to the technological parameters related to the characteristics of the products from the grinding (slip), and to the technical characteristics of the final product (ceramic tiles), the criteria also included economic parameters (the market price of raw material and specific energy consumption in grinding). The developed mathematical model enabled the selection of the best alternative as a solution for this problem. Full article

Field measurements undertaken in six paired primary school classrooms in Anambra State, Nigeria, previously demonstrated that interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) classrooms maintained significantly lower occupied-hour temperatures than adjacent sandcrete block (SCB) classrooms. This study applies DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus simulation, evaluated against field measurements, to investigate the physical mechanisms underlying this observed thermal advantage and to explore seasonal performance beyond the period accessible through field monitoring. Simulation models were developed using literature-derived thermophysical properties and validated against field measurements collected at Awkuzu Primary School on 2 July 2024. Model accuracy was assessed using ASHRAE Guideline 14 metrics. The ICEB model achieved NMBE of −6.4% and CV(RMSE) of 6.8%, satisfying both recommended thresholds. The SCB model achieved CV(RMSE) of 15.6%, while NMBE of −14.0% marginally exceeded the recommended threshold because of conservative TMYx boundary conditions. Results indicate that the superior wet-season performance of ICEB classrooms is attributable to the interaction between high thermal mass (μ = 0.31; φ = 9.1 h) and continuous cross-ventilation. Parametric crossover simulations demonstrated that ventilation was the dominant cooling mechanism, while ICEB wall thermal mass provided an additional independent thermal benefit of approximately 0.31 °C. This material contribution is secondary in magnitude to the ventilation effect and is not presented as a standalone practical advantage. Dry-season simulations suggested a possible reversal of performance under near-calm harmattan conditions; however, the magnitude and direction of this effect remain uncertain because of EPW boundary-condition limitations. The findings suggest that classroom thermal performance depends on the interaction between envelope thermal mass and ventilation configuration rather than material properties alone and highlight the potential importance of controllable ventilation in naturally ventilated educational buildings in tropical climates. Full article

The disposal of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and the rehabilitation of water-rich goafs present two pressing challenges in sustainable mining and geotechnical engineering. This study introduces a bio-carbonated reactive magnesia cement (RMC) technology to solidify CDW for goaf backfilling applications. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties, water stability, and durability of bio-carbonated RMC-solidified CDW under simulated water-rich goaf environments. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the 16% RMC specimens reached 3.12 MPa after 28 days, which was approximately 21% higher than that of the 12% Portland cement (OPC) control. Under dynamic water erosion conditions of 1.0 m/s for 72 h, the 16% RMC specimens showed a mass loss rate of 2.68% and a strength retention rate of 84.2%, both of which were superior to those of the 12% OPC control. The water–land strength ratio of the 16% RMC specimens reached 0.90 after 28 days of immersion, and the strength retention rate remained at 73.1% after 12 wet–dry cycles. Compared to the OPC control, these two indicators respectively represent a precise increase of 25% and approximately 60%. Microstructural analysis revealed that hydrated magnesium carbonates (HMCs), including nesquehonite and hydromagnesite, formed a dense spatial network that binds CDW particles and blocks pore channels. Additionally, a random forest model quantified the relative importance of RMC content, curing age, and carbonation degree on UCS, confirming that RMC dosage and the extent of carbonation are the dominant controlling factors. The optimal RMC content was determined to be 16%, balancing performance and cost. This study demonstrates that bio-carbonated RMC-solidified CDW is a technically viable and low-carbon backfill material with substantial CO₂ sequestration potential for water-rich goafs. Full article