Search Results (7)

Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and affects a significant portion of the population. Obesity-related increases in free fatty acids and glucose in the diet contribute to β-cell dysfunction and loss, ultimately leading to the onset of T2DM. The endocannabinoid system, which is present throughout the body, plays a vital role in regulating various physiological processes, including those in the pancreas. This system has been implicated in metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes, as it helps to regulate appetite, food intake, and fat production. Phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa have the potential to influence the endocannabinoid system, offering a promising therapeutic approach for diabetes and its complications. Using high-glucose–high-lipid (HGHL)-induced INS-1 β-cells, we investigated the protective effects of two major (THC and CBD) and three minor (THCV, CBC, and CBG) phytocannabinoids on high glucose–high lipid (HGHL)-induced apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, and impaired function of beta-cells. Our results showed that all five phytocannabinoids reduced HGHL-induced apoptosis, likely by decreasing TXNIP protein levels. Additionally, THC and all three minor phytocannabinoids provided protective effects against functional impairments caused by HGHL exposure. Full article

Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, which increases the risk of frailty, falls, and mortality. However, interventions for muscle atrophy are limited, and research is needed regarding the treatment of muscle wasting. Recently, the bioconversion of natural products by lactic acid bacteria has been highlighted as a possibility to improve the bioavailability of active ingredients. This process also produces metabolites, which are key signaling mediators for a variety of physiological functions. This study investigated the effect of bioconverted guava leaf (Psidium guajava L., GL) by Lactobacillus plantarum on hyperglycemia-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) mice. Diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet with a two-time streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg BW) in male C57BL/6J mice. After diabetes was induced (a fasting blood glucose level (FBG) ≥ 300 mg/dL), the mice were administered with GL (100 mg/kg/day) or bioconverted GL (FGL) (50 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 14 weeks. FGL contains different substances such as hydroxyl-isocaproic acid and hydroxyl-isovaleric acid compared to GLE itself, which have potential to prevent muscle degradation in T2DM mice. GL and FGL supplementation reduced the FBG level in T2DM mice. In addition, GL and FGL supplementation enhanced muscle strength, the skeletal muscle cross-sectional area, and ameliorated ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS)-related pathways in T2DM mice. On the other hand, GLE supplementation ameliorated glucose tolerance demonstrated by oral glucose tolerance test and enhanced insulin signaling pathway. In addition, only FGL supplementation attenuated skeletal muscle inflammation and apoptosis with an improved mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR)-autophagy-related pathway. Although administered at a half dose of GLE, FGL demonstrated greater efficacy in regulating the expression of these molecular markers. The result suggests that even GL itself has anti-diabetic effects, and the functionality would be enhanced by the bioconversion of GL with L. Plantarum, which has an additive or/and a synergistic effect. Taken together, FGL could be used as a potential nutraceutical to attenuate muscle degradation by the inhibition of inflammation, the UPS, and the apoptosis pathway. Full article

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellites is one of the health problems disproportionally affecting people with low socioeconomic statuses. Gestational diabetes mellites increases the risk of type 2 diabetes by up to ten-fold for women. Lifestyle interventions prevent type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes. However, it is unknown if similar effectiveness can be expected for all population subgroups. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes using population characteristics according to the PROGRESS (place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital) criteria. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EBM Reviews databases were searched for interventional studies of diet, physical activity, or behavioural interventions published up to 21 February 2023. Random effects subgroup meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of population characteristics and intervention effects. Results: All studies were conducted in high-income countries or middle-income countries. Two-thirds of the studies reported on race/ethnicity and education level. Less than one-third reported on place (urban/rural), occupation, and socioeconomic status. None reported on religion or social capital. Studies from high-income countries (MD = −1.46; 95% CI: −2.27, −0.66, I² = 70.46, p < 0.001) showed a greater reduction in bodyweight compared with the studies conducted in middle-income countries (MD = −0.11; 95% CI: −1.12, 0.89, I² = 69.31, p < 0.001) (p for subgroup difference = 0.04). Conclusion: There are significant equity gaps in the evidence for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes due to reports on population characteristics being poor. Interventions may be less effective in reducing bodyweight in women from middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. Collecting and analysing data related to equity is needed to understand the effect of lifestyle interventions on type 2 diabetes for different population subgroups. Full article

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial hypertension (AH) are widespread noncommunicable diseases in the global population. Since hypertension and NAFLD are diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, they are often comorbid. In fact, many contemporary published studies confirm the association of these diseases with each other, regardless of whether other metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellites, are present. This narrative review considers the features of the association between NAFLD and AH, as well as possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Full article

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recognized independent risk factor for metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes mellites (DM2) in particular. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the influence of nocturnal oxygen saturation parameters on the onset of DM2 among OSA patients. The study consisted of 549 participants, who underwent polysomnography examination. Based on apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 465 patients were diagnosed with OSA. One hundred and seven individuals had comorbid DM2. Cox regression models were used to assess the effect of oxygen saturation parameters on the onset of DM2. Classification and regression trees (CART) analysis was used to assess the onset of the DM2 in the study group in context of oxygen saturation variables. One-way Cox regression showed higher risk of earlier DM2 for increased values of BMI, AHI, decreased basal O₂ and O₂ nadir value, while lowered mean O₂ desaturation has not shown statistical significance. In the CART analysis, the following cut-off points 92.2%, 81.7%, 87.1% were determined for basal O₂, O₂ nadir and mean O₂ desaturation, respectively, with the first two parameters being statistically significant. Therefore, basal O₂ is independent from AHI, BMI and age is a risk factor of DM2 among OSA patients. Full article

Background: A low level of serum magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, the molecular mechanism of Mg²⁺ deficiency has not been fully clarified. The current study sought to assesses the effect of reactive oxygen species on the expression of Mg²⁺ channels and miRNA. Methods: The expression of Mg²⁺ channels and miRNA were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular Mg²⁺ concentration was measured by Magnesium Green fluorescence measurement. Results: The mRNA level of transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6), which functions as Mg²⁺ influx channel in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney, was decreased by glycated albumin (GA), but not by insulin in rat renal tubule-derived NRK-52E cells. The mRNA levels of TRPM7, a homologue of TRPM6, and CNNM2, a Mg²⁺ efflux transporter located at the basolateral membrane of DCT, were changed by neither GA nor insulin. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased by GA. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) dose-dependently decreased TRPM6 mRNA, but it inversely increased the reporter activity of TRPM6. H₂O₂ accelerated the degradation of TRPM6 mRNA in actinomycin D assay without affecting TRPM7 and CNNM2 mRNA expressions. Nine miRNAs were considered as candidates for the regulator of stability of TRPM6 mRNA. Among them, miR-24-3p expression was increased by H₂O₂. The H₂O₂-induced reduction of TRPM6 mRNA was rescued by miR-24-3p siRNA. Magnesium Green fluorescence measurement showed that Mg²⁺ influx is suppressed by H₂O₂, which was rescued by an antioxidant and miR-24-3p siRNA. Conclusions: We suggest that GA decreases TRPM6 expression mediated by the elevation of ROS and miR-24-3p in renal tubular epithelial cells of T2D. Full article

Purpose. This study investigated the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors as well as the role of health determinants on alcohol consumption and binge drinking among economically disadvantaged African American older adults with type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM). Methods. This survey recruited 231 African Americans who were older adults (age 65+ years) and had T2DM. Participants were selected from economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on demographic factors, objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) including education and financial difficulty, living arrangement, marital status, health, and drinking behaviors (drinking and binge drinking). Results. Age, gender, living alone, pain, comorbid conditions, and smoking were associated with drinking/binge drinking. Male gender, pain, and being a smoker were associated with higher odds of drinking/binge drinking, while individuals with more comorbid medical conditions had lower odds of binge drinking. Conclusion. In economically constrained urban environments, gender, pain, and smoking but not age, SES, depression, and health may predict binge drinking for African American older adults with T2DM. African Americans older adult men with T2DM with comorbid pain should be screened for binge drinking. Full article