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Keywords = tongue protrusion

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17 pages, 1488 KiB  
Article
Geraniin Ameliorates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats Through Mitigating Neuronal Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis via Modulation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
by Chih-Pei Hsu, Hsiang-Chien Tseng, Chih-Hsiang Fang, Yi-Wen Lin and Hung-Sheng Soung
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5458; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125458 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Geraniin (GRN), an ellagitannin from Phyllanthus urinaria, shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. This study evaluated GRN’s potential against haloperidol (HPD)-induced orofacial dyskinesia (OD). Rats treated with HPD (1 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days exhibited dopamine D2 receptor blockade, neurotoxicity, and OD, characterized [...] Read more.
Geraniin (GRN), an ellagitannin from Phyllanthus urinaria, shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. This study evaluated GRN’s potential against haloperidol (HPD)-induced orofacial dyskinesia (OD). Rats treated with HPD (1 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 days exhibited dopamine D2 receptor blockade, neurotoxicity, and OD, characterized by vacuous chewing movements (VCM) and tongue protrusion (TP). Then, 60 min post-HPD, GRN was administered i.p. daily for 21 days. OD behaviors were assessed, and on Day 21, striatal tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and apoptosis. GRN alone did not cause OD but significantly reduced HPD-induced VCM and TP. It also reduced oxidative stress, improved antioxidant defense, preserved mitochondrial function, and decreased neuroinflammation and apoptosis. These effects were blocked by ML385, a nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway inhibitor. GRN protects against HPD-induced OD, likely via Nrf2 activation. It may be a promising candidate for TD therapy, pending further clinical investigation. Full article
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12 pages, 2443 KiB  
Article
Sarcocystis and Hepatozoon Infections in Tongues of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Oklahoma, USA
by Jitender P. Dubey, Aditya Gupta, Benjamin M. Rosenthal and Mason Reichard
Parasitologia 2025, 5(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia5020024 - 15 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 371
Abstract
Archived, frozen tongues of 56 bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Oklahoma, USA, were tested for parasites. Testing for Sarcocystis infections included microscopic examination of unstained muscle squashes, histological sections of paraffin-embedded tissues, and molecular characterization. By a combination of both compression methods [...] Read more.
Archived, frozen tongues of 56 bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Oklahoma, USA, were tested for parasites. Testing for Sarcocystis infections included microscopic examination of unstained muscle squashes, histological sections of paraffin-embedded tissues, and molecular characterization. By a combination of both compression methods and histology, sarcocysts were found in 28 (50.0%) of 56 bobcats. In compression preparations, the sarcocyst wall appeared thin and protrusions were not clear. Histologically, tissues were degraded and, in most tongues, only a few sarcocysts were found, except bobcat #35. Multilocus genotyping utilizing 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and cox1 genes yielded sequences exhibiting 98–100% identity with both Sarcocystis arctica and Sarcocystis caninum isolates available in the NCBI database. Hepatozoon rufi-like meronts were found in two tongues and is the first report of Hepatozoon infections in bobcats in Oklahoma. Full article
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10 pages, 569 KiB  
Review
Midline Anterior Neck Inclusion Cyst in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review with a Dermatologic Perspective
by Noemi Brigenti, Rachele Bardelli, Giovanni Paolino, Elisabetta Danese, Paolo Gisondi, Nicola Zerbinati, Giampiero Girolomoni and Andrea Carugno
Medicina 2025, 61(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010064 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1615
Abstract
Midline Anterior Neck Inclusion Cysts (MANICs) are rare congenital anomalies caused by improper embryonic fusion. These superficial benign lesions typically appear yellowish and cystic without deeper anatomic connections. We describe an 11-month-old boy with a stable, asymptomatic, yellow, elastic cystic lesion on the [...] Read more.
Midline Anterior Neck Inclusion Cysts (MANICs) are rare congenital anomalies caused by improper embryonic fusion. These superficial benign lesions typically appear yellowish and cystic without deeper anatomic connections. We describe an 11-month-old boy with a stable, asymptomatic, yellow, elastic cystic lesion on the midline of the anterior neck, measuring 4 mm and present since shortly after birth. Clinical, dermoscopic, and ultrasound evaluations confirmed the diagnosis of MANIC. Over six months of observation, the lesion remained stable without growth, infection, or symptoms. MANICs are benign epidermoid cysts with minimal risk of complications that are often mistaken for thyroglossal duct cysts, dermoid cysts, or other congenital anomalies. Unlike thyroglossal duct cysts, they do not move during swallowing or tongue protrusion. Management is usually conservative, with surgery reserved for symptomatic or cosmetically significant cases. This case highlights the importance of parental reassurance and avoiding unnecessary intervention for asymptomatic lesions. Recognition of MANICs is essential for dermatologists and pediatricians evaluating midline neck lesions. A conservative approach with regular monitoring ensures optimal care while minimizing interventions. Further research may clarify the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes of these rare lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dermatology)
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16 pages, 47556 KiB  
Article
Customized 3D Allogenic Bone Blocks for Mandibular Buccal-Bone Reconstruction Increase Resistance to Tongue-Protrusion Forces: A Finite Element Analysis
by Sebastian Dominiak, Jennifer Majer, Christoph Bourauel, Ludger Keilig and Tomasz Gedrange
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1181
Abstract
Background. The impact of tongue protrusion forces on the formation of malocclusions is well documented in academic literature. In the case of bone dehiscence of the buccal wall in front of the lower frontal teeth, this process may be even more pronounced. Augmentation [...] Read more.
Background. The impact of tongue protrusion forces on the formation of malocclusions is well documented in academic literature. In the case of bone dehiscence of the buccal wall in front of the lower frontal teeth, this process may be even more pronounced. Augmentation with 3D customized allogenic bone blocks (CABB) has been proposed as a potential solution for treating such defects. The objective was to assess the impact of bone block adjustment accuracy on the resistance of teeth to protrusion forces at various stages of alveolar bone loss. Methods: A finite element analysis (FEM) was conducted to ascertain whether augmentation with a CABB will result in increased resilience to tongue protrusion forces. Three-dimensional models of the mandible with dehiscenses were created, based on the dehiscences classification and modification proposed in the journal by the authors of regenerative method. The models feature a CABB positioned at three different distances: 0.1 mm, 0.4 mm, and 1.0 mm. The material parameters were as follows: bone (homogenous, isotropic, E = 2 GPa), teeth (E = 20 GPa), periodontal ligament (E = 0.44 MPa), and membrane between bones (E = 3.4 MPa). A tongue protrusion force within the range of 0–5 N was applied to each individual frontal tooth. Results: The use of an CABB has been shown to positively impact the stability of the teeth. The closer the bone block was placed to the alveolar bone, the more stable was the result. The best results were obtained with a ¼ dehiscence and 0.1 mm distance. Conclusions: The protrusive forces produced by the tongue might not be the biggest one, but in a presence of the bone loss they might have serious results. Even shortly after the surgery, CABB has a positive impact on the incisor resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials for Reconstructive Dentistry)
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15 pages, 2300 KiB  
Article
Vitexin Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats through Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway
by Shu-Mei Chen, Mao-Hsien Wang, Kuo-Chi Chang, Chih-Hsiang Fang, Yi-Wen Lin and Hsiang-Chien Tseng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810206 - 23 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1329
Abstract
Vitexin (VTX), a C-glycosylated flavone found in various medicinal herbs, is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the protective effects of VTX against orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in rats, induced by haloperidol (HPD), along with the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying [...] Read more.
Vitexin (VTX), a C-glycosylated flavone found in various medicinal herbs, is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the protective effects of VTX against orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in rats, induced by haloperidol (HPD), along with the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. OD was induced by administering HPD (1 mg/kg i.p.) to rats for 21 days, which led to an increase in the frequency of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) and tongue protrusion (TP). VTX (10 and 30 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally 60 min after each HPD injection during the same period. On the 21st day, following assessments of OD, the rats were sacrificed, and nitrosative and oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis markers in the striatum were measured. HPD effectively induced OD, while VTX significantly reduced HPD-induced OD, decreased oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant capacity, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the striatum, and the protective effects of VTX on both behavioral and biochemical aspects of HPD-induced OD were significantly reduced when trigonelline (TGN), an inhibitor of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated pathway, was administered. These findings suggest that VTX provides neuroprotection against HPD-induced OD, potentially through the Nrf2 pathway, indicating its potential as a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in clinical settings. However, further detailed research is required to confirm these preclinical findings and fully elucidate VTX’s therapeutic potential in human studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Natural Bioactive Compounds on Human Health and Disease)
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13 pages, 2212 KiB  
Article
Pre-Surgical Factors Influencing Post-Surgical Outcomes in Orthognathic Surgery Patients: A Longitudinal Study
by Gonzalo Navarro-Fernández, Javier Bravo-Aparicio, Jose Luis Del Castillo, Hector Beltran-Alacreu and Alfonso Gil-Martínez
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154445 - 29 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess the relationship between physical and psychosocial pre-surgical factors and post-surgical evolution in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Methods: A cohort study with 3 months of follow-up after maxillofacial surgery was conducted. Participants were recruited from the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess the relationship between physical and psychosocial pre-surgical factors and post-surgical evolution in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Methods: A cohort study with 3 months of follow-up after maxillofacial surgery was conducted. Participants were recruited from the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of Hospital Universitario La Paz in Madrid, Spain. Primary variables included the range of motion of mouth opening, protrusion tongue force, anxiety, depression and kinesiophobia. Assessments were realised on-site or via video call. Statistical analysis was conducted using mixed-effects models. Results: The initial recruitment yielded 22 patients, with 19 ultimately eligible for analysis. The study found significant impacts of pre-surgical factors on post-surgical evolution. Both ranges of motion and anxiety showed influences from baseline measures, with the range of motion affected by a pre-surgical range of motion (estimate: 3.89) and positive expectations (estimate: 4.83). Anxiety was influenced by both pre-surgical (estimate: 0.48) and baseline anxiety levels (estimate: 0.64). Kinesiophobia demonstrated a trend toward significance, with baseline levels affecting post-surgical evolution (estimate: 0.77). Conclusions: Our results highlight the relationship between pre-surgical factors and post-surgical outcomes in orthognathic surgery patients. Pre-surgical range of motion and positive expectations were found to influence post-surgical range of motion, while pre-surgical anxiety levels impacted post-surgical anxiety evolution. Pre-surgical kinesiophobia also showed potential as a post-surgical kinesiophobia predictor, but further investigation is needed to confirm this relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
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14 pages, 21623 KiB  
Case Report
Orthodontic Correction of an Anterior Open Bite with Periodontally Compromised Upper Incisors Using Miniscrews
by Farhan Alwadei and Abdurahman Alwadei
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020811 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 5878
Abstract
This case report describes the camouflage treatment of a patient with an anterior open bite, bimaxillary skeletal protrusion with a mild class II skeletal pattern, reduced periodontium with generalized slight bone loss, localized severe bone loss at the maxillary upper incisors, and a [...] Read more.
This case report describes the camouflage treatment of a patient with an anterior open bite, bimaxillary skeletal protrusion with a mild class II skeletal pattern, reduced periodontium with generalized slight bone loss, localized severe bone loss at the maxillary upper incisors, and a tongue thrust habit. Orthodontic treatment included modifying the resting posture of the tongue and sectionally intruding maxillary posterior teeth while controlling the extrusion of mandibular posterior teeth using temporary anchorage devices (TADs), followed by sectional mechanics at the maxillary arch and continuous arch mechanics at the mandibular arch, along with interpromximal reduction at the mandibular teeth and inter-arch elastics from the mandibular teeth to the maxillary TADs to minimize orthodontic force magnitude and duration specifically applied to periodontally compromised maxillary incisors. The patient’s chief complaint was addressed, and treatment objectives were achieved, with good esthetic and occlusal outcomes. Stability was shown over a 56-month follow-up period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontic Treatment)
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13 pages, 9118 KiB  
Article
Clinical Applicability of Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography in Patients under Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy
by Philipp Arens, Thomas Fischer, Ingo Fietze, Thomas Penzel, Steffen Dommerich, Heidi Olze and Markus Herbert Lerchbaumer
Diagnostics 2023, 13(23), 3493; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13233493 - 21 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
Relationship between stiffness of genioglossi (GG) and geniohyoidei (GH) muscles under electric hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy (HNS) in relation to success of therapy was investigated with additional special focus on tongue movement. Patients and Methods: Clinical and sleep laboratory parameters of a cohort [...] Read more.
Relationship between stiffness of genioglossi (GG) and geniohyoidei (GH) muscles under electric hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy (HNS) in relation to success of therapy was investigated with additional special focus on tongue movement. Patients and Methods: Clinical and sleep laboratory parameters of a cohort of 18 patients with known shear wave velocity (SWV) data of the ipsilateral and contralateral musculi GG and GH (sGG, sGH and nGG, nGH) before and under HNS therapy were analyzed. The SWV was already determined using the ultrasonic shear wave elastography (US-SWE) technique. Results: Median Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was 8 (IQR 12), median baseline Apnoe–Hypopnoe Index (AHI) 31.65 (IQR 25.1), median AHI under HNS therapy 16.3 (IQR 20.03). Therapy success: 9/18 patients (AHI during therapy < 15/h). There was no significant difference in SWV (sGG, sGH, nGG and nGH) between therapy responders and non-responders during therapy. Also, no difference could be seen with respect to the difference and increase in SWV values without and with stimulation. Examination of SWV values (sGG, sGH, nGG, nGH during stimulation, difference of SWV values stimulation − no stimulation, increase factor of SWV) revealed a significant negative correlation between the AHI under therapy and the measured SWV of the musculus GH of the contralateral side during stimulation (−0.622, p = 0.006). Patients with bilateral protrusion of the tongue differed regarding to therapy success in increase in SWV in sGG (p = 0.032). Tongue protrusion to contralateral: A significant difference between patients with AHI during therapy < 15/h in SWV values at sGG without stimulation (p = 0.021) was seen, with also a correlation to the current AHI under therapy (p = 0.047) and the change factor of the AHI (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Stiffness of the target muscle does not appear to be an isolated measure of the success of HNS therapy. This observation may have implications for future decision-making processes in the process of titrating electrical therapy parameters. But the technique of US-SWE may be useful for future research of the neurophysiology of the tongue and OSA phenotyping. Full article
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20 pages, 2323 KiB  
Article
Involvement of Antioxidant and Prevention of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect and Anti-Apoptotic Effect: Betaine Ameliorates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats
by Hsiang-Chien Tseng, Mao-Hsien Wang, Chih-Hsiang Fang, Yi-Wen Lin and Hung-Sheng Soung
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(7), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071064 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1795
Abstract
With its pathophysiological characteristics strongly similar to patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD), haloperidol (HP)-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in animal models have long been used to study human TD. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of betaine (BT), a [...] Read more.
With its pathophysiological characteristics strongly similar to patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD), haloperidol (HP)-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in animal models have long been used to study human TD. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of betaine (BT), a vital biochemical compound present in plants, microorganisms, animals, and various dietary sources. The study focused on investigating the impact of BT on haloperidol (HP)-induced orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in rats, as well as the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. To induce the development of OD, which is characterized by increased vacuous chewing movement (VCM) and tongue protrusion (TP), rats were administered HP (1 mg/kg i.p.) for 21 consecutive days. BT was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, 60 min later, for 21 successive days. On the 21st day, after evaluating OD behavior, the rats were sacrificed, and various measurements were taken to assess the nitrosative and oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic markers in the striatum. The results demonstrated that (1) HP induced OD development, and (2) BT was found to prevent most of the HP-induced OD; decrease oxidative stress levels; increase anti-oxidation power; prevent mitochondrial dysfunction; and reduce the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the striatum. Our results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of BT against HP-induced OD are credited to its antioxidant prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting that BT may be a novel therapeutic candidate in delaying or treating human TD in clinical settings. However, further studies will be warranted to extrapolate preclinical findings into clinical studies for a better understanding of the role of BT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Craniofacial and Oral Neurosciences)
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16 pages, 7616 KiB  
Article
Effects of Botulinum Toxin Therapy on Health-Related Quality of Life Evaluated by the Oromandibular Dystonia Rating Scale
by Kazuya Yoshida
Toxins 2022, 14(10), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100656 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7104
Abstract
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) refers to a focal dystonia in the stomatognathic system. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in isolated dystonia is associated with non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and pain, as well as motor symptoms. To evaluate HRQoL in patients with OMD, [...] Read more.
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) refers to a focal dystonia in the stomatognathic system. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in isolated dystonia is associated with non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and pain, as well as motor symptoms. To evaluate HRQoL in patients with OMD, the therapeutic effects of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) therapy were assessed using a recently developed and validated comprehensive measurement tool called the Oromandibular Dystonia Rating Scale (OMDRS). Altogether, 408 patients (jaw closing dystonia, n = 223; tongue (lingual) dystonia, n = 86; jaw opening dystonia, n = 50; jaw deviation dystonia, n = 23; jaw protrusion dystonia, n = 13; and lip (labial) dystonia, n = 13) were evaluated at baseline and after the end of BoNT therapy or in a stable status. The total OMDRS score reduced significantly from 149.1 to 57.6 (p < 0.001). Mean improvement was 63.1%. All examiner-rated subscales (severity, disability, and pain) and patient-rated questionnaire scores (general, eating, speech, cosmetic, social/family life, sleep, annoyance, mood, and psychosocial function) were significantly lower at the endpoint than at baseline (p < 0.001). The BoNT injection had a highly positive impact on patient HRQoL, and the OMDRS could evaluate both motor phenomena and non-motor symptoms. Full article
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9 pages, 967 KiB  
Case Report
At-Home Orthodontic Treatment for Severe Teeth Arch Malalignment and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in a Child with Cerebral Palsy
by Atsuko Tamura, Kohei Yamaguchi, Ryosuke Yanagida, Rie Miyata and Haruka Tohara
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095333 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4603
Abstract
Children with cerebral palsy typically have severe teeth arch malalignment, causing swallowing and respiration dysfunction. Malalignment in cerebral palsy, especially in children, worsens dysphagia and respiratory disorders; sometimes, it is also noted with obstructive sleep apnea. However, no study has reported on the [...] Read more.
Children with cerebral palsy typically have severe teeth arch malalignment, causing swallowing and respiration dysfunction. Malalignment in cerebral palsy, especially in children, worsens dysphagia and respiratory disorders; sometimes, it is also noted with obstructive sleep apnea. However, no study has reported on the improvement in obstructive sleep apnea after at-home orthodontic treatment in children with cerebral palsy. We herein present a pediatric case of cerebral palsy wherein obstructive sleep apnea improved with at-home orthodontic treatment for malalignment. We administered at-home orthodontic treatment to a 15-year-old boy with quadriplegia, due to spastic-type cerebral palsy, having no oral intake, obstructive sleep apnea, and teeth arch malalignment. After treatment, a decline in the severity of sleep apnea was observed. Perioral muscle hypertension and oral intake difficulties cause maxillary protrusion, narrowed teeth arch, and tilting of teeth in children with cerebral palsy. We expanded the oral cavity volume by orthodontic treatment to relieve muscle hypertension and correct the tongue position, thereby remarkably improving obstructive sleep apnea. Our findings suggest that at-home orthodontic treatment for malalignment effectively improves perioral muscle hypertension, glossoptosis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Full article
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26 pages, 8704 KiB  
Article
Emergence or Grammaticalization? The Case of Negation in Kata Kolok
by Hannah Lutzenberger, Roland Pfau and Connie de Vos
Languages 2022, 7(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010023 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4145
Abstract
Typological comparisons have revealed that signers can use manual elements and/or a non-manual marker to express standard negation, but little is known about how such systematic marking emerges from its gestural counterparts as a new sign language arises. We analyzed 1.73 h of [...] Read more.
Typological comparisons have revealed that signers can use manual elements and/or a non-manual marker to express standard negation, but little is known about how such systematic marking emerges from its gestural counterparts as a new sign language arises. We analyzed 1.73 h of spontaneous language data, featuring six deaf native signers from generations III-V of the sign language isolate Kata Kolok (Bali). These data show that Kata Kolok cannot be classified as a manual dominant or non-manual dominant sign language since both the manual negative sign and a side-to-side headshake are used extensively. Moreover, the intergenerational comparisons indicate a considerable increase in the use of headshake spreading for generation V which is unlikely to have resulted from contact with Indonesian Sign Language varieties. We also attest a specialized negative existential marker, namely, tongue protrusion, which does not appear in co-speech gesture in the surrounding community. We conclude that Kata Kolok is uniquely placed in the typological landscape of sign language negation, and that grammaticalization theory is essential to a deeper understanding of the emergence of grammatical structure from gesture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emergence of Sign Languages)
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8 pages, 2849 KiB  
Review
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst, a Case Report and Literature Review
by Anas Taha, Bassey Enodien, Daniel M. Frey and Stephanie Taha-Mehlitz
Diseases 2022, 10(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10010007 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10071
Abstract
A thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is one of the most commonly encountered congenital anomalies of the neck. However, it is difficult to diagnose as differentiating it from other cysts like brachial cysts, lymphangiomas, epidermoid cysts, dermoid cysts, and hydatid cysts, is challenging. In [...] Read more.
A thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is one of the most commonly encountered congenital anomalies of the neck. However, it is difficult to diagnose as differentiating it from other cysts like brachial cysts, lymphangiomas, epidermoid cysts, dermoid cysts, and hydatid cysts, is challenging. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the literature of 47 patients—25 males (53.1%) and 21 females (44.7%)—about their TGDC to assess the clinical picture, therapy, and prognosis of the disease. Most of the patients were children under the age of ten (63.8%). All patients had a history of a painless swelling in the anterior midline of the neck that moved in response to deglutition and tongue protrusion, thus interfering with their daily activity. Post-resection recurrence was unusual, with only 3 of 47 patients (6.4%) experiencing recurrence. Full article
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21 pages, 5916 KiB  
Article
Spatter Formation and Splashing Induced Defects in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of AlSi10Mg Alloy: A Novel Hydrodynamics Modelling with Empirical Testing
by Asif Ur Rehman, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Peyman Ansari, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu and Ion N. Mihailescu
Metals 2021, 11(12), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122023 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5930
Abstract
Powder spattering and splashing in the melt pool are common phenomena during Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of metallic materials having high fluidity. For this purpose, analytical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been deduced for the LPBF of AlSi10Mg alloy. The [...] Read more.
Powder spattering and splashing in the melt pool are common phenomena during Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of metallic materials having high fluidity. For this purpose, analytical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been deduced for the LPBF of AlSi10Mg alloy. The single printed layer’s dimensions were estimated using primary operating conditions for the analytical model. In CFD modelling, the volume of fluid and discrete element modelling techniques were applied to illustrate the splashing and spatter phenomena, providing a novel hydrodynamics CFD model for LPBF of AlSi10Mg alloy. The computational results were compared with the experimental analyses. A trial-and-error method was used to propose an optimized set of parameters for the LPBF of AlSi10Mg alloy. Laser scanning speed, laser spot diameter and laser power were changed. On the other hand, the powder layer thickness and hatch distance were kept constant. Following on, 20 samples were fabricated using the LPBF process. The printed samples’ microstructures were used to select optimized parameters for achieving defect-free parts. It was found that the recoil pressure, vaporization, high-speed vapor cloud, Marangoni flow, hydraulic pressure and buoyancy are all controlled by the laser-material interaction time. As the laser-AlSi10Mg material interaction period progresses, the forces presented above become dominant. Splashing occurs due to a combination of increased recoil pressure, laser-material interaction time, higher material’s fluidity, vaporization, dominancy of Marangoni flow, high-speed vapor cloud, hydraulic pressure, buoyancy, and transformation of keyhole from J-shape to reverse triangle-shape that is a tongue-like protrusion in the keyhole. In the LPBF of AlSi10Mg alloy, only the conduction mode melt flow has been determined. For multi-layers printing of AlSi10Mg alloy, the optimum operating conditions are laser power = 140 W, laser spot diameter = 180 µm, laser scanning speed = 0.6 m/s, powder layer thickness = 50 µm and hatch distance = 112 µm. These conditions have been identified using sample microstructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes and Applications)
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12 pages, 1485 KiB  
Article
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Effect of Genioglossus Muscle Strengthening on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Outcomes
by Maryam Maghsoudipour, Brandon Nokes, Naa-Oye Bosompra, Rachel Jen, Yanru Li, Stacie Moore, Pamela N. DeYoung, Janelle Fine, Bradley A. Edwards, Dillon Gilbertson, Robert Owens, Todd Morgan and Atul Malhotra
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194554 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2960
Abstract
The genioglossus is a major upper airway dilator muscle. Our goal was to assess the efficacy of upper airway muscle training on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) as an adjunct treatment. Sixty-eight participants with OSA (AHI > 10/h) were recruited from our clinic. They [...] Read more.
The genioglossus is a major upper airway dilator muscle. Our goal was to assess the efficacy of upper airway muscle training on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) as an adjunct treatment. Sixty-eight participants with OSA (AHI > 10/h) were recruited from our clinic. They fall into the following categories: (a) Treated with Automatic Positive Airway Pressure (APAP), (n = 21), (b) Previously failed APAP therapy (Untreated), (n = 25), (c) Treated with Mandibular Advancement Splint (MAS), (n = 22). All subjects were given a custom-made tongue strengthening device. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study examining the effect of upper airway muscle training. In each subgroup, subjects were randomized to muscle training (volitional protrusion against resistance) or sham group (negligible resistance), with a 1:1 ratio over 3 months of treatment. In the baseline and the final visit, subjects completed home sleep apnea testing, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Survey), and Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). Intervention (muscle training) did not affect the AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index), (p-values > 0.05). Based on PSQI, ESS, SF-36 scores, and PVT parameters, the changes between the intervention and sham groups were not significant, and the changes were not associated with the type of treatment (p-value > 0.05). The effectiveness of upper airway muscle training exercise as an adjunct treatment requires further study. Full article
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